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Biological Aspects of Peroxidation of the Proteins

Vitthalrao Bhimasha Khyade

Abstract


In biological system, the proteins are abundant. The reduction through one electron results in additional radicals and chain reactions yielding the major products like alcohols and carbonyls. The carbonyls are generally utilized as markers damaging the protein. The oxidation of cysteine residue in protein is subject to diverse redox metabolic chemistry and it is a major reaction. The oxidation of methionine residue is the next. Both these reactions are typically faster than the reaction with the hydrogen peroxide and results in change in the activity and function of protein. Through the protective enzymes, hydrogen peroxide is rapidly removed. The protein peroxides are only slowly removed, and catabolism is a major fate. The turnover of modified proteins through proteasomal enzymes and lysosomal enzymes, and other proteases, can be efficient. The protein hydroperoxides inhibit these pathways. This may contribute to the accumulation of modified proteins in cells. Reaction of hydroperoxides of amino acids; hydroperoxides of peptides and hydroperoxides of the proteins with Cu+ and Fe2+ get results in protein radicals (as detected by EPR spin trapping). These protein radicals react with pyrimidine bases and nucleosides and give protein–DNA base adducts; as well as the mutagenic product 7,8-dihydro- 8-oxo-2’ - deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). The reaction of mutagenic product with intact DNA, and predominates in complex systems. There is a significant role for hydroperoxides, and especially, “lysine-derived species of hydroperoxides”, in the reactions concerned with DNA-protein cross-linking reactions. The histones proteins are closely associated with DNA in the nucleus. They are known to bind copper ions that can catalyze the decomposition of hydroperoxide in to the radicals. All these reaction exert to contribute to the damaged cell’s DNA–protein cross-links.

Keywords: Oxidation of amino acids; Hydroperoxides, Peroxidation, Peroxides, Oxidation of protein ; DNA Damage

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References


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