International Journal of Agrochemistry (IJA) eISSN: 2456-7000 Complete Editorial Board Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 5.973 International Journal of Agrochemistry (IJA): It aims to serve as a platform for the propagation of novel ideas and research in entire areas of Agricultural Chemistry. The target audience of the journal comprises both researchers and practitioners. All manuscripts go through a rigorous peer review process. It is designed to create interest among researchers in the field of Agricultural, chemical process engineering and the technologies applied in chemical composition of biochemical constituents, pesticides, fertilizers, agro-products etc. Journal targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert editorial team to ensure the publication of only good quality papers. It's a biannual journal, started in 2015. Journal DOI no.: 10.37628/IJA Indexed in: Journal TOC, Google Scholar, Advanced science index, Index Copernicus (ICV: 68.57) Readership: Graduates, Postgraduates, Research Scholars, Faculty Focus and Scope Cover: • Chemical/biochemical composition of components • Chemistry, composition and processing of agricultural pesticides and insecticides • Processing effects on the composition and safety of agricultural products • Veterinary drugs • Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR) • Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues • Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email chemistry.journals@celnet.in or chemistry.editor@celnet.in Subject: Veterinary Drugs, Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR) Abbreviation: IJA Frequency: Two issues per year Editorial Board Peer Review Process Instructions to Author
Aloe vera gel is rich in vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, anthraquinones, fatty acids, hormones etc. Presence of vitamins like A, C, E impart them with antioxidative properties, while enzymes like alione help to reduce inflammation. Anthraquinones which are present in large amount give Aloe vera gel analgesic, antibacterial and antiviral properties. The presence of fatty acids impart anti-inflammatory as well as antiseptic and analgesic characteristic to them. The hormones like auxins and gibberlins help in wound healing and impart anti-inflammatory characteristics. Aloe vera gel has many properties which includes healing properties, it also blocks 20 to 30 % ultraviolet rays, along with this on topical administration aloe vera inhibits inflammation. Presence of essential micronutrients help the aloe vera gel fight free radical damage by further boosting immunity. It has been found that presence of anthraquinones impart laxative effect to aloe vera gel. Aloe vera has many properties like they are antiviral in nature along with this they have antitumor, moisturising and antiaging activity. It has been found that aloe vera gel have antidiabetic, antiseptic effects. Therefore it is said that Aloe Vera is used for treating diseases so it can be said that Aloe Vera is called as wonder plant.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of AgroChemistry
Genetically Modified Crop Plants: A Review
Genetically Modified (GM) crop plants have revolutionized agriculture by offering numerous benefits such as increased crop yields, enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, and improved tolerance to environmental stresses. This review delves into the advancements in biotechnology that have paved the way for the development and adoption of GM crop plants. The utilization of recombinant DNA technology, involving the transfer of desired genes into plant genomes, has enabled the creation of crops with desirable traits. The introduction of GM plants has also led to a reduction in the use of chemical pesticides, benefiting both the environment and human health. Despite the advantages of GM crop plants, concerns regarding their impact on biodiversity and ecosystems persist. Through a comprehensive analysis of the current state of GM crop plants, this review sheds light on their role in addressing global food security challenges and the need for sustainable agricultural practices. Even plants themselves are able to have their genetic characteristics changed in such a way that the long-term success of a species is promoted. For example, in a research paper published in 2010, the ability of carrot plants to survive and thrive in saline soils has been enhanced by the development of transgenic strains that overexpress a gene responsible for the creation of a protein that can remove toxic salt ions from the plant cells. This has been welcome as a potential first step in useful implementation for bioremediation of salt-affected land, and this kind of application is of special relevance to plants used for animal and human nutrition and medicine.
Sustainable Development through Smart Agriculture
Agriculture is one of most important field of our country economic growth as it accounts for 26 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and it provides employment of the 60 per cent of youth population. India is the world largest producer of pulses, cereals, spices, spices, vegetables and fruits in the world. But due to many problems in agriculture it’s a significant departure from the traditional farming practiced in the country since ages that has resulted in low yields. Artificial Intelligence can be helpful for the agriculture for increasing productivity to prevent poverty. Artificial Intelligence can propose efficient and practical solution for the problem and challenges of agriculture like increasing labour costs, raising cost of cultivation and crop failures associated with unpredictable yield due to diseases, unpredictable rainfall, climatic changes and degradation of soil fertility. The artificial intelligence can develop advance farming procedures. to reduce loss of farmers and provide them with high yield. Using artificial intelligence, we can solve the common issues faced by farmers in the agriculture field. Technology is always changing in today's society, and there are many different tools and methods available for use in the agricultural sector. Additionally, knowledge processing is the preferred IoT feature within the agricultural division. All of the data can be acquired thanks to newly introduced sensors. Lowering the dangers, automating industry, increasing productivity, inspecting animals, keeping an eye on environmental conditions, robotising greenhouses, and monitoring crops Internet-of- Things technology has changed almost every business, including smart agriculture, moving the field away from factual to quantitative methods. The "Internet of Things" refers to the concepts that enable actual things that are outfitted with sensors, actuators, and processing capacity to work together on a job while remaining online.
Organic Farming for Future Aspects: A Review
Agriculture, integral to the economies of developed and developing nations, has a rich history shaping human societies. However, modern practices pose environmental challenges, impacting nutrient cycles, soil erosion, and carbon sequestration. Organic farming emerges as a vital solution, minimizing ecological impact through sustainable practices, preserving natural cycles, and potentially enhancing food quality. As a cornerstone of sustainable development, organic farming addresses the urgent need for environmentally conscious agricultural methods. Additionally, practices like reduced tillage, mulching, and supplemental fertilization are discussed for their contributions to soil conservation and nutrient management in organic agriculture. Techniques such as crop rotation, green manures, and biological pest control are highlighted for their role in promoting soil fertility, reducing environmental impact, and fostering natural ecosystem balance. The use of biorational pesticides and buffers/barriers serves to minimize environmental risks and maintain organic integrity. social sustainability is highlighted, focusing on the well-being of farm workers, families, and local communities through fair treatment, positive relationships, and support for local economies. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture upholds animal welfare by implementing practices that prioritize the health and respect of livestock, ensuring humane treatment and proper care throughout their lives. Together, these principles form the foundation of sustainable agriculture, promoting a holistic approach to farming that balances environmental, social, and ethical considerations for the betterment of both people and the planet.
Sustainability in Precision Agriculture: Pest Management through Advanced Technologies
Precision Agriculture (PA) is a cutting-edge field of modern agriculture that uses cutting-edge technologies to transform pest management strategies and promote sustainable agricultural systems. Precision agriculture serves the dual purposes of providing immediate pest control and advancing the larger objectives of resilient and sustainable agricultural systems by utilizing technology, data, and targeted strategies. Precision agriculture has the potential to significantly influence how agriculture develops in the future because of its capacity to customize interventions, maximize resource utilization, and make well-informed judgments. Precision agriculture represents a fundamental shift in farming practices toward one that is more efficient, ecologically conscientious, and sustainable. It is more than just a technological advancement in pest management. Precision agriculture promises a peaceful coexistence between technology and agriculture that benefits both farmers and the environment as it continues to improve, and awareness of the issue rises. Precision agriculture is built on these fundamental elements, which provide a sophisticated awareness of the environment and enable real-time decision-making. In light of this, we examine how precision agriculture and environmentally friendly pest control techniques work hand in hand. a wide range of sustainable methods that fall under the umbrella of precision agriculture and emphasize the use of natural enemies, cultural customs, and biological control. By means of captivating case studies that encompass a variety of agricultural environments, we present the concrete achievements and revolutionary effects of precision agriculture in reducing pest pressures. the restrictions and challenges involved in using precision agriculture to manage pests, giving a fair assessment of the situation as it stands today. We consider where precision agriculture will go in the future, shedding light on new developments in technology and trends and their possible effects on environmentally friendly pest control. Precision agriculture is superior to traditional methods, as demonstrated by comparison analyses that highlight both its environmental and economic advantages. Beyond just technology, the story delves into the sociopolitical context, adoption obstacles, and policy ramifications that influence the assimilation of precision agriculture into conventional farming methods.
Enhancing Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties by Integrated Blended NPS and Bio-fertilizer in Misrak Meskan District, Central Region, Ethiopia
Low available phosphorus, total nitrogen, sulfur, and lack of selected cultivars are the main obstacles to the production of common beans in the research area. An experiment was conducted at Misrak Meskan in 2022 to determine the optimal combination of parameters for maximum yield in common bean types. The study evaluated three levels of NPS fertilizer (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha), two levels of Rhizobium (with and without), and four common bean types (Hawassa Dume, SER119, SER125 and Rori) using Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications of factorial arrangement. The findings demonstrated substantial differences between the types in the harvest index, biomass, grain yield, and seeds pod-1 . NPS rates significantly influenced all studied parameters. Rhizobium inoculation significantly influenced the nodulation, seeds pod-1 , and harvest index. The interaction of NPS with variety was significantly affected plant height, seed pod-1 and grain yield (2.83 ton ha-1 ) was obtained from Hawassa Dume at 200kg ha-1 . Rhizobium inoculated type significantly influenced pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 . The three-way interaction had significant effects on plant height, seeds pod-1 , biomass, and harvest index. The economic analysis showed the highest net returns from NPS rate 100 kg/ha for variety Hawassa Dume NB 108,871ETB/ha and MRR 504.9%. Based on agronomic performance and economic analysis, use of Hawassa Dume at 100kg ha-1NPS can be recommended to enhance productivity in the study site and areas with similar agro-ecology. However, the result of the present study need to be evaluated and reconfirmed preferably in more sites to reach a conclusive recommendation.
Development of Extruded Product from Pearl Millet Flour Blended with Corn Flour: A Sensory Evaluation Approach
Pearl millet, with its exceptional nutritional profile and agronomic characteristics, has yet to achieve widespread global popularity when compared to other cereal crops. To mitigate the restricted accessibility of millets and broaden their health advantages to remote areas, it is imperative to create universally accepted food items. Leveraging a twin-screw extruder offers meticulous management over the extrusion process variables, guaranteeing uniform product quality. The experiments were conducted with controlled independent variables, including a die temperature set at 120°C, a screw speed of 275 rpm, and a moisture content of 16% (wet basis). Sensory evaluation was then carried out to assess the organoleptic characteristics of the extruded products. The study explored six different flour compositions of pearl millet flour and corn flour. A trained sensory panel was involved in evaluating the extruded products, focusing on parameters such as chewiness, hardness, taste, color, and overall acceptability. Evaluations of the products' chewiness and hardness were done to gauge their mouthfeel and texture. Taste evaluation was conducted to gauge flavor attributes and palatability, while color analysis was carried out to ascertain the visual appeal of the products. Panelists utilized a 9-point hedonic scale to assign scores to each attribute, enabling a comparative analysis of various flour compositions. The blend including 70% pearl millet flour and 30% maize flour obtained the highest marks in the sensory test, indicating that it is suitable for extruded product manufacture.
A solid foundation in the geological sciences necessitates a thorough understanding of igneous petrology. Sedimentary and metamorphic counterparts, as well as intrusive (plutonic) and extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks, derive from the inherent outcomes of the crystallization, cooling, and solidification of magma originating from the Earth's deepest realms. Bowen's reaction series elucidates the progression of mineral crystallization and cooling, delineating the variety of minerals formed based on the nature of the parent melts. Igneous rocks are divided into different categories based on their mineralogy and mode of formation, such as felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. All significant rocks from each categorized group are described, illustrated, and identified using microscopic thin section examinations. These features include physical and chemical characteristics, grain size, texture, and structures. principal use for each rock.
tabQR- A Counterfeit Medicine Detection System
A medication is typically conceived of as a substance with the power to treat or prevent disease; historically, natu- ral approaches such as homeopathy were employed to obtain medicines. Man-made chemical medications were created in the previous few centuries in response to people’s need for an instant cure. It is difficult for users to be aware of information about the tablet’s expiration date, dosage, manufacturer information, true price, age factor, etc. In the present situation the tablet’s information will be printed on the tablet’s outerbox or tablet strip. Providing the user access to the drug description that needs to be included on the section of the tablet strip. This can be done by printing a QR code on each segment of the tablet strip using QR technology. We further claim that Spacy’s text summarization of drug information will speed up the process of determining whether a drug is safe to consume.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of AgroChemistry
Quantification of Chemical Components and Phytochemical Screening of GaliumVerum by HPLC and LC-MS Analysis
Galium verum L. – yellow "Lady's bedstraw" – contains polyphenols, flavonoids, phenyl- propanoids compounds, and iridoids in its golden yellow blossoms. The chemical makeup of the volatile fraction of Galiumverum L. was analysed.This plant is from the natural flora of Moldova (RediuIasi region, Romania) as a source of polyphenols and flavonoids.The purpose of this investigation is to investigate the composition of the herb methanol extract of Lady's bedstraw (Galium verum L.) using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric(LCMS) detection and the HPLC method.Herb of G. verum L. that was air-dried was used to prepare methanolicextract. The extract is then employed for HPLC and LC-MS analysis. It was determined that the methanolic extract of Lady's bedstraw is abundant in biologically active substances that determine its broad spectrum of pharmacological action.By comparing certain compounds' mass spectra to libraries, several compounds were identified. Keywords: HPLC;LC-MS;UV activecompounds; Quantification; GaliumVerum; Phytochemical Screening,
Assessment of Different Wheat Varieties Under Various Nitrogen Levels
The correlation between nitrogen (N) application and yield of different wheat varieties was determined at the farms of University of Agriculture Peshawar. Three different wheat varieties viz Pirsabaq 2103, Galaxy and Insaf were grown at five different N levels viz. 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 under randomized complete block design with three replications in split plot arrangements. Mineral fertilizers such as Urea source was used for nitrogen (N), DAP source used for phosphorus (P) and SOP source used for potassium (K). Plant growth and yield as well as soil and plant N at different growth stages and its uptake by wheat significantly increased with N application. However, maximum 1000-grain weight, grains per spike, total biomass and straw yield was recorded at 80 kg N ha-1 whereas maximum grain yield was observed 120 kg N ha-1 when the data was averaged across the varieties. Insaf was the tallest variety with more straw yield whereas Galaxy was shortest with minimum straw yield. Pirsabaq 2013 superseded other varieties in term of grain weight, grains per spike and grain yield. Straw and grain [N] and as well as total uptake of N by wheat linearly increased with each increment of N level and showed correlation with soil N recorded at tillering, boot and grain filling stages. However, soil and plant N did not show significant correlation with wheat yield. This study indicated that owing to different N requirement and difference in yield potential a generalized correlation among the soil and plant N with yield potential could not be established.
BJRI Kenaf-4: A Newly Released Improved Variety of Hibiscus Cannabinus L.
BJRI Kenaf-4, a high yielding and widely adaptable kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) variety, was developed by the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) and released by the National Seed Board (NSB) in 2017. It was previously isolated through pure line selection as a breeding line 1641/C from the origin of Iran. The line was assessed for time of planting, fibre yield and other morphological characteristics. The Advanced Yield Trial (AYT) was undertaken for two years (2008 and 2009) in Manikganj, Faridpur, Rangpur, Chandina, Kishoreganj, and Monirampur stations, and the Zonal Yield Trial (ZYT) for three years (2010 to 2012). Additionally, the Multi-location Trial (MLT) was carried out at several farmers’ fields in various agro-ecological zones for three consecutive years, from 2013 to 2015. It was found to be appropriate for a number of sowing times and acceptable for Bangladesh’s current cropping patterns. The variety is photo-sensitive but can be sown from mid-March. Its stem is full red in colour, petiole reddish and leaf lamina is purplish green. Mealy bugs and spiral borers are tolerable to a certain extent. Furthermore, compared to the check variety HC-95, it has fibre of higher quality. However, the average yield was 3.0 tha-1, which was approximately 5% greater than the check variety HC-95.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of AgroChemistry
Assessment on Handling of Faba Bean Grains (Vicia faba L) and Distribution of Bruchids in North Western Amhara, Ethiopia
Due to its high protein content, the faba bean can be used in place of meat. It is a significant pulse crop in the world. An assessment was conducted in Eastern and Western Gojjam Administrative to know faba bean grains’ damage level, bruchids distribution and species composition. Two districts wereselected from each Administrative. Two Peasant Associations (PAs) were also selected from each District while five farmers were randomly selected from each Peasant Association. Faba bean grain samples were randomly taken from top, middle, sides, and bottom of the storage structure using 2 m sample probe. 10 additional early adopter respondents per Peasant Associations were selected for questionnaire. Semi-structured questioners were prepared and translated to local language to be filled by the respondents. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 for two consecutive cropping years using mixed model nested design. SAS software (version 9.2) and MS Excel 2007 were used to analyze the data. About 100% of faba bean grain samples were infested while 11.14±3.32–19.51±2.79% faba bean grain weight losses were recorded due to bruchids. The recorded bruchid species were 86.25% (Callosobruchus chinensis), 76.25% (Acanthoscelides obtectus) and 33.75% (Bruchus pisorum). Approximately 6.88, 46.87, 42.5, and 4.31% of those polled had their faba bean grains preserved for less than 4, 4 to 8, 9 to 12, and more than 12 months, respectively. The common storage structure (68.75%) was “Gota”. About 76.1% of the farmers were rejected the 50% bruchids perforated faba bean grains. Based on the present result, it is required to follow emergence of bruchids, frequent training for farmers, experts and decision makers to fill the knowledge gap of farmers and to reduce damage and weight loss of faba bean grains due to bruchids.
Advancement of Agricultural Biotechnology in USA
Biotechnology affords farmers with equipment that can make manufacturing more cost-effective and greater manageable. For instance, certain biotechnology plants can be modified to withstand particular herbicides, which simplifies and improves the effectiveness of weed control. Other plants have been engineered to be resistant to unique plant ailments and insect pests, which can make pest, manage extra dependable and effective, and/or can minimize the use of artificial pesticides. These crop manufacturing selections can assist nations hold tempo with needs for meals whilst lowering manufacturing costs. For millennia, breeders have been assessing novel products made possible by agricultural biotechnology. Along with these initiatives, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) work to ensure that crops produced through genetically engineered for commercial use are carefully inspected and analyzed to ensure they don&#39;t pose a significant risk to consumers or the environment.
COVID-19 Outbreak and Declining Growth in Hill Farming in Sikkim, India
This paper represents the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on agriculture and farming of Sirisey localised in south district of Sikkim. The wide range of cultivated plants serves as major sources of income and employment to the people of the village. In this survey work the period of survey was divided into two slots, before the lockdown and the lockdown as well as unlock phases. A large number of marginal farmers were severely affected during the lockdown and even in the unlock phases due to the lack of electronic communication systems, resulting in failure to get the support on time and restrictions on the vehicular movements, that hampered the transport of agriculture commodities from its place of production to the ultimate consumer. Only a few farmers faced marginal increase in profit. Although to overcome this situation NGO’s, Sikkim Government and Government of India has taken several policies like by providing money, subsidy, crop seeds, bee hives, supplying of live stocks for farming, PM-KISAN scheme, farmer’s helpline etc. But the small and medium size farming sectors, that are totally dependent on raw materials from the agriculture and allied sector, also need special attention so that the rural economy can stay afloat. Hope in near future farmers would be benefited via this above schemes.
Development of Plant Based Iron Rich Food Products and Their Efficacy Evaluation Using Food Based Approach
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most wide spread nutritional problem and affects over 2 billion people. The main reason for IDA has been determined to be inadequate intake of iron and low bioavailability (1-6%) of dietary iron from plant foods. Food based approaches to addressing IDA in India are being promoted, but information on to what extent food combination would improve the bioavailability of iron is fragmentary. Vitamin C is one of the dietary constituents which aid to augment the absorption of iron in humans. L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the most potent enhancer of iron absorption, even in the presence of inhibitors such as phytates, tannins and calcium. Because of iron deficiency in the masses on one hand and dependence on plant based diet by the common people on other hand, certain plant based iron rich food products are selected to develop food products and their efficacy for iron delivery (bioavailability) has been assessed. Iron rich food products (IRFP) incorporating cauliflower and lotus stem and effect of IRFP on hemoglobin content of girls (20-24 yrs) along with various source (natural and synthetic) of vitamin C on its absorption is evaluated. The foods products developed are Mathri, Laddu. Mathri (with incorporation of composite flours of cauliflower, & lotus stem) is supplemented to girls (20-24 yrs) for two months. Analyses revealed that cauliflower & lotus stem are found rich in iron, carbohydrate & protein. Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the products incorporated with composite flours of all two ingredients (cauliflower & lotus stem) were acceptable. Supplementation of Mathri incorporated with composite flours of cauliflower & lotus stem resulted in an increment in the hemoglobin content of girls (20-24 yrs). Amla & Vitamin C Tablets as a source of vitamin C showed better absorption of iron in subjects.
Effect of Different Growing Media, Azotobacter, and GA3 on Growth and Survivability of Transplanted Air Layers in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) C.V. Gwalior-27
The present investigation entitled “Effect of different growing media, Azotobacter and GA3 on growth and survivability of transplanted air layers in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) C.V. Gwalior-27” was conducted at Experimental block, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh during the year 2020–2021. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Among different treatments soil + vermicompost (2:1) + GA3 200 ppm + Azotobacter (0.5ml) resulted in maximum survival percentage of air layers at DAT 135 (87.33%) followed by the treatment with soil + leaf mould (2:1) + GA3 20 ppm + Azotobacter (0.5ml) (77.43%). This treatment also enhanced the growth as well as root parameters of air layers, number of sprouts at 15 DAT (8.67), number of leaves (37.00), stem length (28.33cm), and stem thickness (16.20mm), number of primary roots (10.00), number of secondary roots (21.67), and length of primary roots (11.97cm), length of secondary roots (8.73cm), diameter of primary roots (3.27mm), diameter of secondary roots (2.00mm), fresh weight of primary roots (1.84g), fresh weight of secondary roots (0.79g) at 135 DAT. It may be concluded that soil + vermicompost (2:1) + GA3 200 ppm + Azotobacter (0.5ml) was found best for highest survivability percentage and enhanced root parameters followed by soil + leaf mould (2:1) + GA3 200 ppm + Azotobacter (0.5ml).
Nowadays, in India, the climatic conditions change rapidly. Sometimes the climate is cold, sometimes it turns out to be humid. In such drastic conditions, farmers are unable to decide which crop we must grow in that particular season according to that climate. This becomes a tedious task for the farmers during decision making. Also, it becomes difficult for the farmers to detect what kind of disease has happened to the crops grown by him. Also, it is difficult for the farmers to find the vendors who could take their products and sell them in a good price. Even though, the farmer gets a particular vendor, he could not find profits by selling products to that particular vendor. To overcome all these problems, we would be designing a system known as-one to one stop solution for crop guidance in which farmers would get solutions to all the above-mentioned problems. The interface provided by us will be efficiently helpful to the farmers to boost their productivity which would also boost up the agriculture industry in India. Machine learning, like crop management, allows for precise forecast and assessment of agriculture variables in order to maximise the market prosperity of animal production systems like cow and egg production.
Agriculture Waste Management and Utilization
Agricultural spends are non-item results of creation and handling of farming items that may contain material that can help man however whose monetary qualities are not exactly the expense of assortment, transportation, also handling for advantageous use. Evaluations of farming waste emerging are uncommon, yet they are for the most part considered as contributing a critical extent of the absolute waste matter in the created world. Agrarian turn of events is generally joined by squanders from the unreasonable utilization of escalated cultivating strategies and the maltreatment of synthetics utilized in development, amazingly influencing provincial conditions specifically and the worldwide climate in general. By and large, agrarian squanders are produced from various sources eminently from development, animals furthermore hydroponics. These squanders are right now utilized for various applications through the '3R' system of waste the board. Farming waste administration framework (AWMS) was talked about and a commonplace waste administration choice for a poultry ranch was likewise depicted utilizing the six horticultural waste administration capacities. Horticultural squander has a harmfulness potential to plant, creatures and human through many immediate and roundabout channels. The impacts of these poisonous farming squanders on the climate were talked about as well as their administration.
Farmer’s Perception and Need of Awareness About IT
The main purpose of the study was to understand the extent of awareness in farmers about the use of IT. As we know, In the 21st century various technologies are invented. Modern agricultural methods are followed by farmers to some extent but most farmers are still unaware of these technologies. Lack of awareness and lack of education is the problem so this is time to train and spread awareness in farmers about IT in agriculture. The Research is on a survey of farmers to check their IT awareness so that we can get to know issues and we can provide a solution for the same. Some difficulties start from the place of determination of the right yield, purchasing the necessary seeds and composts, guaranteeing sound and market prepared to harvest, till the purpose in finding the right market to analyze that the product is sold in the market at its best cost. It is hard for a rancher to anticipate the climatic changes as this is the main variable in guaranteeing the appropriate development of the yield. Additionally, at some random point on schedule, the greater part of the ranchers are unconscious with regards to substitute harvest arrangements to manage the unpredictable environmental changes. Getting legitimate great quality seeds and composts at sensible rates is likewise a challenge. When the harvest is prepared for market, selling the produce straightforwardly to the client, or through a way least dealt with by center men will require generous difficult work from the rancher's end. The strategy for least dealing with by center men would allow the rancher to sell their produce at a value that will be valued by the client and gainful to the rancher. In any case, to limit these difficulties to help the ranchers to create beneficial reap Information Technology can be applied in a major and methodical manner. The genuinely necessary job and utilization of Information Technology for in this Agriculture area would be done using effectively accessible innovation choices, without obstructing the typical working of the cultivating local area. The use of IT services will provide Farming people and their groups to create required and financially advantageous crop harvest. The review would assist with understanding the job of Information.
Smart Agriculture and Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot Based
Agriculture is a systematic process aimed at allowing natural and agricultural to use advanced technology like data, the web, and the IOT to record, analyses, automate, and evaluate actions. Smart farming, often called as precision agriculture, is controlled by software and monitored by sensors. As the global population expands, so does the desire for improved agriculture production, such importance to protect and conserve, the increased use and complexity of technological tools, and the growing demand for climate farming. Agriculture has been practised in every country for centuries. The science and skill of nurturing plants is known as agriculture. Agriculture was a critical step in the evolution of sedentary human society. Agriculture has been done by hand for centuries. As the world moves toward new technologies and applications, it is imperative that agriculture follow. Monitors have the ability toprovide data on farm areas. Our proposed a smart agro and IoT solution that's controlled. Sensors are used in this IoT-based farm tracking system to receive information from sensors deployed at various nodes and send it through communication interface. Agriculture is the economic backbone of India. Agriculture is the primary profession of approximately half of our country's people. Monitors have the ability to provide data on farm areas. Agriculture is the economic backbone of India. Agriculture is the primary profession of approximately half of our country's people.
Irrigation, often known as watering, is the agricultural practise of applying controlled amounts of water to land to aid in the development of crops, as well as to produce landscaping plants and lawns. Rainfed agriculture is agriculture that does not use irrigation and instead relies solely on direct rainfall. It is the process of artificially hydrating land it does not receive adequate rainfall. It's also the process of applying water to the soil artificially using tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is commonly employed in locations where rainfall is unpredictable or where dry spells or drought are anticipated. Using a variety of irrigation techniques, water is equally distributed across the entire area. Groundwater from springs or wells, surface water from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, and even treated wastewater or desalinated water can all be used to irrigate crops. Artificially hydrating land in order to promote crop production and the restorative use of a stream of liquid to flush a bodily component. Streams, lakes, and rivers, as well as groundwater, are the most prevalent sources of irrigation water. Due to evaporation, canal leakage, and percolation below the crop roots, a proportion of irrigation water is lost throughout the passage of irrigation water from the water supply to the plant roots. The scheme's total irrigation needs, which includes these water losses, is gross. The word irrigation efficiency is used to indicate the percentage of irrigation water that is used efficiently vs the percentage that is lost.
Short Review on Indoor Farming a Future of the Country
We are currently confronted with unstoppable tendencies in population growth, water scarcity, urbanization, and ongoing and persistent climatic change. All of these factors lead to dwindling arable land stocks per person. Land resources for agriculture are dwindling, and officials in the country are grappling with issues of sustainability and feeding the country's fast rising population. Exemplified urban vertical farming is the ideal approach for increasing food production in the future. Its technique aims to greatly boost the production of fresh fruit and vegetable harvests with minimising the environmental impact of gardening. A modern farming method provides a safe and healthy environment. food source, as well as protection from insects and floods. Biosecurity issues, lower transportation costs, and less fossil fuel depletion are all issues that need to be addressed. Biosecurity issues, lower transportation costs, and less fossil fuel depletion are all issues that need to be addressed. Agriculture has advanced significantly during the last century, producing more food than ever before. However, as the country's population approaches 100 crores, existing food production systems must undergo a fundamental shift to keep up with demand. Fortunately, we now have a variety of innovative technologies that enable us to do so. Hydroponics is one such new farming technology, and with the help of an indoor hydroponic garden kit, it is possible to produce sustainable variety of crops in half the time and for half the price.
Chemical Compositions of Three Economic Tuber Crops Grown In South East, Nigeria
Yam (Dioscorea spp) are known for their climbing properties, twining stems which coils readily around a stake and exhibiting glaborous leaves. Via root system, they are perennial but are usually grown as annual crops. Yam is economically important because it serves a staple food for millions of people in Africa, as well as Nigeria. There is limited information on nutrients composition of Nigerian foods. As a result, nutrients intake from Nigerian foods is in most cases estimates using foreign food composition tables. This research determined and compared proximate compositions, phytochemicals, minerals and antinutrients in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata), water yam (Dioscorea alata) and Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) purchased at Nkwo Market, Amaekpu Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria. The result revealed moisture and protein contents were higher in cocoyam (10.19%, 8.86%) compared to white yam (10.08%, 2.48%) and water yam (10.11%, 5.07%) respectively. Carbohydrate content is rich in the samples (78.42%, 76.17% and 73.29%) for white yam, water yam and cocoyam respectively. The results of protein, fibre and ash were also similar. Cocoyam had higher mineral contents compared to white yam and water yam. The tuber crops do not contain toxic levels of antinutrients. Little amounts of phytochemicals are also present, and the proximate composition of the tuber crops varied significantly. The result justifies that the three tuber crops (white yam, water yam and cocoyam) indicating some useful amount of phytochemicals confirms their therapeutic values. Furthermore, it is evident that the presence of proteins, minerals, vitamins, fats and fibre at moderate concentration, implies that yam can serve as a good source of food to man. Finally, the antinurients (phytate, oxalate and cyanide) present in the analyzed yam samples were moderate, implying that the yam is safe for consumption.
Investigation on the Viability and Performance of Justicia Carnea Plant Extracts Treated on Crude Oil Remediation in Loamy Soil
This study was carried out to investigate the viability and the performance of Justicia carnea plant extracts treated with direct sunlight and the absence of sunlight on the bioremediation process of crude oil contaminated loamy soils sample obtained from the Otari community in Abua Local Government Area of Rivers State of Nigeria. Total petroleum hydrocarbon degraded, total microbial count, pH, amount of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, soil total organic carbon, soil total organic matter were examined. Eleven (11) batch reactors studied with each reactor containing 1 kg of loamy soil samples contaminated with 100ml pollutant with plants extracts of 20 g, 40 g, 60 g, 80 g, 100 g of Justicia carnea plant extract sun-dried(JPEL) and Justicia carnea plant extract dark (JPED). The physiochemical properties of soil used before and after were analyized. These physiochemical properties were electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content (MC), soil total organic carbon (STOC), soil total organic matter (STOM), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P) in the soils increased after pollution. However, EC, MC, STOC, STOM, TN and P declined significantly with time after exposure to the treatment, while pH trend towards neutrality after the treatment. The rate of biodegradation of TPH was investigated for every 14 days interval for 84 days, the results obtained shows a high performance of all the plants extracts on all the soils samples in this order JPED> JPEL, though with relatively high close degradation potentials. The results of experiment show a high viability of extracts in the biodegradation process, the maximum specific rate, the overall reaction order for bioremediation, and the rate constant were determined. Also, application of rate laws, Micheal’s Menten equation was also applied, the maximum dissociation rate constant was established in terms of Line Wever Burk Plots. Therefore the theoretical model developed and the experimental data can be applied in monitoring biodegradation contaminants using Justicia carnea plant extract.
Comparison of Various Methodologies used for Automating Plant Disease Detection using Image Processing
In India, major of economy and development depends on agriculture, so plant disease detection become important for us so that if any crop is destroyed due to diseases is known to us prior and we can overcome the loss of crops due to plant diseases. It is better to catch the disease in the initial phase so that the largescale damage of crops can be prevented. Traditionally, the diseases incurred via the naked eyes and then there is manual processing on the plants to overcome the diseases. Manual process takes lots of time, and it is expensive and required lots of experience. So in order to increase the testing speed, we automate the methodology. So we are using image processing techniques with the combination of various other technologies like deep learning, IoT, etc. to reduce the effort and automate the things. This paper has a vision to promote the sustainable development and implies the idea of smart city which includes the combination of IoT (Internet of things, deep-learning, big data, etc.) in the area of agriculture. This paper includes the comparison of various plant disease detection methods of various techniques.
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of AgroChemistry
Predictive Farming Using Image Based Machine Learning
Agriculture sector is considered as central pillar of Indian economics contributing approximately 18% of total GDP employing almost 78% of rural population. Export of agro- based commodities has increased by 7-folds in past 1.5 decade. Therefore, it is necessary to uplift quality of agro-commodities productions. Improving crop quality and quantity by sowing appropriate crop according to soil type and weather condition become an hour’s need today. There are variety of soil series available in India and generally, cultivation of crops is specific to soil, climate, nutrients, and amount of water requirement. Another most concerned factor is plant disease deciding crop’s quality and quantity; it estimated that every year up to 40% of crop yield worth 5 million crores of rupees is lost due to such disease condition, pests, or weeds. Identification of such plant diseases and categorizing them in systematic way becomes essential today. Principal problem associated with identification and categorization of plant diseases is incapable human intervention on vast agro-fields which resulted in unnoticed onset of plant disease. Even a single infected plant is capable of spreading the disease to other plants on field; therefore, prompt treatment is required in order to save quality of crop. The given problems encouraged to develop machine learning system which not only helps to predict the newer crops as per soil type may be in between two major crops to maintain the soil fertility but also accurately detect the onset of disease spreading over plant. A model developed for classifying soil series and providing suitable crop suggestion has been tested by applying different kinds of machine learning algorithms, particularly image processing using CNN algorithm gained expertise acceptance level thus encouraged to try this new technology. The output images shown in the results indicate that with image processing, CNN algorithm can accurately provide a crop suggestion and early disease identification.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of networked or interconnected devices that contains sensors and embedded systems which can communicate with humans and other objects. While its application in smart homes and smart cities is being widely recognized, its potential application in the field of agriculture is not very prominent. With shrinking resources, there is a pressure on farmers to become leaner in their operations. IoT systems can help farmers in their pursuit of efficiency and resource optimization. This paper highlights the possible role of IoT in making agricultural operations leaner. It details the stage-by-stage potential applications and focuses on how farm sensor information can combine with information available on the internet such as procurement prices, market data, and so on to help farmers make more informed business choices. The upsides and downsides of using the technology in its current form are also touched upon.
Effect of Manure on the Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil
Manure is the rotten form of dead plants and animals. It is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and donate to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, and it can be classified as animal manure, green manure, and compost manure. To meet the nutrient requirement of crop using organic manures would be an inevitable practice in the years to come for sustainable agriculture since organic manures commonly improve the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Manure application can improve soil fertility and crop yield, however, knowledge of optimum application rates of manure is needed to prevent negative impact on soil and the environment. Application of manure plays a vital role in the progress of soil’s physical properties such as soil structure, soil texture, porosity, and water holding capacity, and chemical properties like caution exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and soil pH but its reduction in penetration resistance, bulk density or compactness improve biological properties of fauna and flora, but surplus manure application can have unfavorable effects on the environment.
Human started agriculture around 9500 BC. Since then many agricultural techniques were adopted and abandoned. Today’s agricultural technique is completely different from when it was started or some hundreds of years ago. Even though agriculture practices are dangerous for environment. Since ancient time, forests were cut down to cultivate, and now extreme use of land for agriculture made it lose its fertility, and causing land go barren. Here, in this paper, we have discussed about the techniques used till now as well as the research and development in agriculture. How can barren land be fertile again? The various steps were taken in different countries to prevent from agricultural harm to environment. Also, the Indian aspect of agricultural techniques and a real-life example turned barren land into fertile again. How the agriculture allied industries are playing crucial role in polluting environment? Also, we will discuss the reason that some countries banned BT seeds. Agriculture provides not just food but also raw material to many industries. It is a necessity for human survival and it is also necessary for us to understand that we depend on land a lot, and cannot ignore its need. Now, it’s the time for us to change our techniques once again. The authors of the present paper have highlighted the emerging trends of agriculture practices, its effects on environment, application of treated wastewater in agriculture and transform barren land to fertile land and few case studies coupled with ideal approach.
Agrochemicals and Human Health: A Review
The chemicals used for the management of ecosystem of agriculture ae said to be the agrochemicals. The fertilizers utilized for crop yield; chemical agents designed to change the pH of soil (acidifying agents); chemicals used as the soil conditioners; chemicals used for killing the pests of field crops; chemicals used in the raising of livestock (Examples: antibiotics and hormones) such and other chemicals constitute the agrochemicals. The modern practices for agriculture are distinguished by the use of agrochemicals. The challenges in keeping the crop free of damage have increased due to massive in size. The utilization of agrochemicals has been critically significant for the increase in the agricultural crop yields. However, some attempts on use of agrochemicals exert to cause the damage to environment. This damage to environment detracts significantly from the benefits from the agrochemicals. The increased burden of agrochemicals on the natural environmental system may be due to industrialization of the agricultural sector. In order to gain the protection from the pests, it is a general practice of use of the pesticides in agricultural fields, public health program, and areas of urban greeneries. The pesticides, on one hand availing the protection from pests and on another hand, they are exerting a large number of negative health influence and environmental effect. The side effects of the pesticides are said to be significant environmental health risk factors. The immediate need for a better sustainable and ecological approach has produced many innovative attempts, among them reforms in agriculture and production of the food implementing the practice of sustainable towards the food sovereignty. Keywords: agrochemical, health, pesticide, environment, food sovereignty, pests.
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of AgroChemistry
Influence of Contaminants on Ground Water and Associated Health Risk
Due to the demand for safe water, groundwater quality which relates closely to human health has become as important as its quantity. Any place where surface water makes its way into ground water, organic chemicals and pathogens potentially can enter. Natural sources or numerous types of human activities can contaminate the ground water. Due to anthropogenic activities, like mining, and open dumping of industrial and domestic wastes which lead to poor groundwater quality, Natural sources of groundwater contamination have been activated. Many substances used in the industrial processes should not be disposed in drains at the workplace because they could contaminate a drinking water source. The companies should train their employees in the proper manner and the disposal of all chemicals used on site. Arsenic is another regional and global issue in contamination of water. Nitrate toxicity is associated with in vivo conversion of nitrate to nitrite after ingestion. Keywords: Pollution, heavy metals, arsenic, health risk, ground water
Fate and Distribution of Pesticides Residues in Water Sources in Nigeria: A Review
The availability of safe and clean water access is very important for a healthy population. In this study, we reviewed the distribution of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in water sources in Nigeria. The reviewed studies showed that OCPs and OPs concentration in Nigerian surface water and sediments are high and at present the use of organochlorines and organophosphorous synthetic pesticide in agricultural and industrial sectors has created as a significant threat to most rivers in Nigeria. However, more studies should be conducted in other surface water bodies in many Nigerian cities. These pesticides have shown to have carcinogenic, mutagenic, bioaccumulating and persistent properties. In view to maintain good water quality, it is very necessary to understand those factors that influences the fate and rate of pesticides distribution in water along-side with probable health effects associated with the oral intake of pesticides chemicals. Effort to minimize or reduce the amount of pesticides usage should be encouraged. Keywords: Pesticides, Toxicity, Exposure, Surface water, Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, Carcinogenic, Nigeria
This article summarizes some formatives over composes from agri-food in nano technological issues. Agri-food provisioned sustainable development of agriculture systems from views of nanotechnology. Reduction in crop uncertainty and management strategies are alternative to conventional technologies. Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture include delivery of agrochemicals and nutrition, pesticides, and subjectively detecting chemicals as nano-in-sensing arrange or detection of nutrient deficiencies. Potential benefits of nanotechnology have applied for agriculture; food, fisheries, and aquaculture being under balance of soil, water and environment as well as lying health issued to workers and consumers. Agri-food sectors remained balanced nano approach for recapped feed and food orientation to prosecute ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick detection schemes to link more akin to viable influence from consumer acceptance. Keywords Agri-food, Nano-technology, food technology, agronomy, food packaging, consumer
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SMART FARM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Agriculture is a sector of a very high importance and should be given attention because it does not only make means of living, the provision of food to sustain and also contribute to economical and national development. Although, the output produced by farmers is high in our country, Nigeria, farmers are still confronted with a couple of problems such as poor irrigation and water management system, poor record of Agricultural field parameters, intrusion by both pest and human trespassers( cattle nomadic Fulani herdsmen). This study seeks to proffer a long lasting solution to these problems by employing the knowledge of electronics, communications and computer programming using technology of Internet of things( IoT) to help improve farming using sensors to efficiently monitor crop conditions such as soil moisture content, atmospheric and soil temperature, humidity, light intensity, check water supplied to crops i.e water wastage by providing an automated irrigation system and remote control of hardware and data reception via SMS which will in turn increase agricultural yield, save time and energy, encourage more people to invest in agriculture and at large make easy the diversification of the nation’s economy since it presents a better, efficient and more convenient way of engaging in farming. A detail design and implementation for connected farms are illustrated and advantages are explained with service scenarios compared to the traditional system of farming. Keywords: farming, smart farm, management system, agriculture, farmers, internet
Mass Transport of Heavy Metals in Soil Columns Amended with Biochar Nanoparticles
Biochar has potential as a valuable material for removing heavy metals from wastewater. The biochar obtained by pyrolysis of the Pomegranate Peel (PPBC) under an oxygen-limited atmosphere in a muffle furnace at 450°C. The biochar was also analyzed through SEM and FTIR for identification of particle size and functional groups. Therefore, the present work aims to study the effect of adding biochar to the soil columns (10 cm length and 2.8 cm diameter) amended with biochar at rates of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% (w/w) on the transport of heavy elements. The mass balance and removal percentage of heavy metals through soil columns were calculated. The results showed that removal percentages of Pb were 27.93, 38.38, 52.61, 74.66, and 98.12 % respectively. The removal percentages of Cd were 24.97, 38.24, 47.37, 70.02 and 96.60 %; for Co were 24.85, 37.21, 39.01, 64.34 and 95.98 % and for Ni were; 24.53, 35.62, 43.56, 62.52 and 94.64 %, respectively. In general, heavy metals were concentrated in the surface layer (0 – 4 cm) and increased with soil depth as the biochar rate increased. Increasing biochar rate up to 4% increased the sorbed heavy metals on soil column and homogeneous distribution with depth found. Application of biochar at 4% showed high potential for remediation water contaminated with heavy metals when added to the soil by the sorption of heavy metals on its surface, thereby reducing the hazards of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni. Biochar has a high potential to remove heavy metals. In comparison to activated carbon, the use of biochar in bio-filter is particularly viable because of its low cost and diverse environmental benefits. Based on biochar use at different sections of bio-filters, biochar can serve multiple functions such as filter media for contaminant removal. Biochar is particularly useful to remove heavy metal contaminants from wastewater, whereas removal of metals/metalloids, and nutrients vary by a wide range based on biochar surface properties, contaminant properties, and water chemistry. Keywords: biochar, mass transport, heavy metals, water pollution, biocarbon, Pomegranate peel biochar
Forestation and Forest Regeneration: The Micro-Stream Technique.
Forests are important for The Earth Ecosystem and proper Homo sapiens evolvement at high standards of living. Forest coverage modulate local and global climate, in general where there is a forest there should be considered life at high standards because of proper oxygenation, weather, agriculture, farming and food supply and scenary in the case of close-to-forest urban areas. Micro-streams are at the plateau of river basins and exits because of local land slopes which constitute the area of a Micro-stream basin. Micro-stream basins are proposed as the starting point for Forestation and Forest Regeneration programs from which an irradiating free-growing forest could be attained. Before implementing such a program: Canopy, escorrentia time, soil type, relative humidity, minimal forest coverage; and a year-round observation for micro-stream caudals as influenced by these variables should be studied. The Micro-Stream Technique can be applied and should be considered during Terraformation of Alien Landscapes. Key words: Micro-Stream Technique, Forestation, Forest Regeneration, Terraformation, Agriculture
Study of Phosphorous oxide (P2O5) and Iron oxide (Fe2O3) in rock phosphate of Hazara basin of Pakistan
Pakistan is an agricultural economy country that relies on fertilizers. Among these fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers play a vital role in plant growth and soil fertility. The efficiency of fertilizers depends on the quality of rock composition. Assessment of rock phosphate from different areas of hazara division of Pakistan is done. Analyses showed that these sources contained P2O5 from 19to 30% and Fe2O3 from 0.80 to 2.51%. Deposits of Qalandar Abad contained high Fe2O3 contents i. e 2.36%. Whereas, deposits of Lagar Ban contains only 0.9 % Fe2O3. Deposits of Tornai – Mangal contained Fe2O3 about 1.25 % and in the other hand contain P2O5 about 30 % and are ideal for fertilizers. Deposits of Kakool and Tornai are highly suitable for current fertilizer processes.
Leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) in acetone for the topical application to the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L).
The henna, Lawsonia inermis (L) is well known medicinal plant. Due to rich contents of phytochemicals, the leaves, flowers, seeds, stem bark and roots of henna, Lawsonia inermis (L) are used in traditional medicine.The present attempt was aimed to use acetone solution (maceratives) of leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) for the topical application to the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) [Race: Double Hybrid - (CSR6 x CSR26) x CSR2 x CSR27)]. Acetone solution (maceratives) of leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) of hundred ppm (mg/L) strength was topically applied to the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) [Race: Double Hybrid - (CSR6 x CSR26) x CSR2 x CSR27)] at 48 hours after the fourth moult, at the rate of 5 ml per hundred larvae. The topical application of acetone solution (maceratives) of leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) was found significantly improving the economic parameters of the silk cocoon and silk fibre. The weight of whole cocoon (deflossed), silk shell weight, weight of pupa and silk shell percentage or ratio in the group recipient of topical application of acetone solution (msaceratives) leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) at 48 hours after the fourth moult was recorded 2.784** (±0.637); 0.657**(±0.058); 2.127 and 23.599*** respectively. The length of silk fibre (in meter); weight of silk fibre (in gram) and denier scale silk fibre obtained through reeling the cocoons harvested from the group of larvae recipient of topical application of acetone solution (maceratives) of leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) at 48 hours after the fourth moult were recorded 1489.34* (±129.52); 0.793** (±0.116) and 4.792*** respectively. The results hypothesize the possibility of action of terpenoid content of leaf powder of Lawsonia inermis (L) to serve to orchestrate the metamorphosis in insects (like silkworm, Bombyx mori L.) through the fortification of shell of silk in the cocoon spinned by the mature fifth instar larvae. Use of herbal products like Lawsonia inermis (L) in sericulture may open a new avenue in the agriculture technology. Key Words: Lawsonia inermis (L); Bombyx mori (L); silk shell ratio; denier
Studies on Batch Leaching of Excess Salt from Agricultural Soil
This paper discusses about the experimentation on leaching of salt from agricultural soil. The leaching behavior of agricultural soil is studied for the recovery of salt. The main aim of leaching of salt from agricultural soil is to remove the salt from agricultural soil as the presence of salt in soil affects the soil fertility and causes 'structural breakdown' in grains. Hence this process is used to remove excess salts from the soil. In order to determine the maximum leaching, various parameters are considered like amount of salt (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 gms) and agricultural soil taken, amount of water added (75, 100, 125 ml) and size of particles. Keywords: Agricultural soil, Batch, Leaching, Excess Salt, Water.
Comparative Study of Dextrose Production from Locally Sourced Cassava, Tigernut and Yam
Starch was extracted after sedimentation from seven samples, TME 419, TMS 30572, Provitamin, Tigernut, Boko, Mumuyi and Onitsha. The first three samples were cassava varieties while the last three samples were species of yam variety Dioscorea rotundata. The extracted starch were gelatinized and hydrolyzed enzymatically to produce 250ml of dextrose from each sample. From spectrometer analysis it showed that Mumuyi dextrose has the highest glucose concentration of 0.72mg/ml when compared to the standard 0.506mg/ml of ASTMD6406 at pH5, with a viscosity, specific gravity and refractive index of 1.2Cst, 1.030 and 1.3378 respectively all within the range of their standards. Its water content was 19.6% and 75.75% carbohydrate content. It was closely followed by Onitsha with 0.63mg/ml of glucose concentration and Boko with 0.57gm/ml while TME 419 had 0.55gm/ml, Tigernut 0.52gm/ml, Provitamin 0.50gm/ml and TMS 30572 having 0.49gm/ml. There viscosities were 1.0Cst, 1.3Cst, 0.16Cst, 2.7Cst, 7.0Cst and 28.2Cst; Specific gravity 1.028, 1.030, 1.034, 1.029, 1.032, 1.037; Refractive index as 1.33636, 1.33638, 1.33936, 1.33738, 1.34035 and 1.33937; water content as 18%, 21%, 18%, 21.2%, 20% and 18.8%; Carbohydrate as 73%, 71.5%, 69%, 62.5%, 65% and 66% respectively. There functional parameters were obtained at an operational temperature of 550C and time interval of 5 hours on each pH considered. The effect of temperature on the varied pHs above the operational temperature was not favourable to the reactions. The hydrolysis was most favoured at the operational temperature and at pH5 when considered and compared with the activity profile of the enzyme amyloglucosidase. Key words: Comparative Study, Dextrose Production, Locally Sourced Cassava, Tigernut, Yam, Cassav a
Rice husk and hull is the waste material of rice mill. These have been hard, fibrous and abraded capabilities. Bio active and biodegradable rice husk/hull have been studied to claim remaining form by firing at scaled opts of amorphous and crystal forms of silica. Metallic constitutive like iron, manganese, sodium, potassium, lead, copper have suggestive towards route to subscribe purest form after firing. Preparations out of raw forms have subjectively studied to use as processed filters to reduce heavy metals in water by adsorption, processing towards normative plant philosophies and therapeutic form towards infancy articulated affairs. Controlled treatments of char of husk under high pressure drop, temperature and moistened status increase adsorption surface to very high value so as to consider adsorbed char as raw material for heavy element extraction. Keywords: Rice husk, Hull, Metal, Mineral, Hazard, Bio-mass, Adsorption.
Off Seasonal Tomato Production Practices in Nepal
Solanaceous crop, tomato, a good source of minerals, vitamins and organic acids, is used as protective food and grown all over the world as annual plant. In Nepal, farmers are growing it mainly as offseason crop to earn good value even though risk is higher and are facing different problems. Different methods such as exploiting agro climatic diversity, generation of micro-climate, adaptation of grafted plants etc are in use. Use of climatic diversity which exist in Nepal, is one of the best method for off seasonal production. Seasonal production of tomato during Ashar to Bhadra in high hills is off-seasonal for mid hills of Nepal. Waterlogged condition is the major restriction for tomato cultivation during rainy season. Plastic tunnel is used against this restriction and also to protect from lower or freezing temperature during winter season. Use of waterlogged resistant eggplant variety are also applied by farmers against waterlogged condition tomato production. Some farmers are using plastic mulch to increase soil temperature and restrict weed growth which also gives earlier and higher yield. Waterlogged condition is the major restriction for tomato production during rainy season. Use of plant growth regulator at appropriate concentration and form increases quantity and quality of tomato under higher or lower temperature. Fruit set, fruit size, yield and quality can be improved by using PGRs. Use of varieties according to the obstacles can be also used for off seasonal production. Srijana variety against bacterial wilt is used in Nepal for rainy season cultivation. Keywords: Off season, tomato, Nepal, Solanaceous crop, climatic diversity, season cultivation.
Improving the growth and yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) are believed to be capable of stimulating the immune system to fight cancer and constitute a rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins C and B; however; they are very scarce in the market due to lack of knowledge on the cultivation techniques in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the production practices that can encourage the usage of oyster mushrooms, growth and yield of oyster mushroom using 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid; and to determine the number of oyster mushroom harvests from 1-NAA. Six levels of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid were used, namely, 0.0 (control); 0.1; 0.5; 1; 1.5 and 2 mM, replicated four times. Whilst colonisation differences were not visible in cooler April - July months, but there were highly significant differences in the warm September - November months. Both the 0 mM 1-NAA and 2 mM 1-NAA suppressed the contamination of oyster mushroom spawn in both seasons (April – June or September – November months). The application of 1.0 mmol and 2.0 mmol gave the higher number of harvests during April – June months, while the 0.0 mmol and 1.0 mmol gave the highest number of harvests during September – November months. The application of 1 mM 1-NAA produced the highest fresh mass (g) that influences the significant biological efficiency (%) of oyster mushrooms. The importance of these findings indicates that, the application of 1 mM 1-NAA during cooler April - June months speed up the growth, increase yield, number of harvest and biological efficiency of oyster mushroom. While, in warmer September – November months, there was no need for application as it does not make any difference. Keywords: Biological efficiency, colonisation, contamination, harvests, Oyster mushrooms.
Underground Microbe-Root Networks Directed Forestation and Forest Regeneration: Towards a High Planetary Standard of Life
Educated predictions for the 21st Century regarding Earth and Homo sapiens status evolvement on it have foreseen new and better advances in Science and Technology: Magnetism as the primer energy source, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence for automation, The Universal Basic Income, Cryptocurrencies and the Internet of Things as the suitable and improved replacement for central banking system, and the development of a Global Culture, with it the establishment of global standards of living under scientific terms, Economy and Politics the two basic social constructs for a Superorganism’s internal cohesion, they all sum up the expectation of a Planetary Standard of Living, Environment quality included into those assumptions. A focus in soil microbe-root networks forestation and forest regeneration is reviewed as to comply in the future with the environmental needs. The following steps would best facilitate seedling establishment and free growing forests: 1. Identification of Mother or Micorrhyzal-fungi “Hub” trees through field and ecological research, 2. Identification of Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal species dominant of the Wide-Wood-web through classical observational techniques or molecular techniques such metagenomics and RNA-based techniques to measure populational and metabolic dominance, 3. Identification of non-fungi microbial associates of the Wide-Wood-Web, 4. Forestation/ Forest Regeneration based on the establishment of vigorous seedlings which thereafter sustain a free growing ecosystem by the colligative growing of Wide-Wood-Web fungi and their microbial associates. Additional research in agrarian ecosystems and exo-earth substrates would provide information as to improve crop production and terraform alien landscapes. Keywords: Wide-Wood-Web, Underground Microbiota, Forestation and Forest Regeneration, Terraformation.
The effect of wheat straw leachate on growth of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spawn
Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum – Duzi) is known for its growth inhibitor in both field and in vitro experiments. The roots of lettuce and wheat seedlings were particularly inhibited when incubated with leachate of wheat straw. In South Africa, mushroom industry is the only industry that directly converts straw into a protein source for human consumption. Therefore, the objectives of the study was to assess the potential growth inhibition of wheat straw extracts on seed germination and on growth of oyster mushroom; and to investigate (potassium, calcium and magnesium) salt concentrations capable of growth inhibition on stored wheat straw. Two sets of experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments being dilution levels of wheat straw leachate, replicated four times. The dilution levels used were undiluted leachate (100%); 75% leachate + 25% dH20; 50% leachate + 50% dH20; 25% leachate + 75% dH20 and dH20 (control). Wheat straw extracts were collected from recently dried wheat straw, and from wheat straw stored for 3 months or 6 months of storage for the lettuce trial whereas for oyster mushrooms spawn, extracts were collected from recently dried or wheat straw stored for 6 months under shed house temperature. Distilled water (dH20) resulted in high germination rate of lettuce seeds for cycle 1, 2 and 3. Undiluted leachate inhibited germination of lettuce seeds by 100% due to the freshness of the wheat straw. Wheat straw stored for 3 months and 6 months resulted in seed germination after 24 hours. Mycelial growth was seen after 24 to 96 hours from leachate of recently dried wheat straw in all dilutions. Therefore, farmers can be advised to store wheat straw to break chemicals capable of inhibiting growth of oyster mushrooms. Keywords: Dilutions, germination, inhibition, mycelia, storage.
Quantification of some Bioactive components and Antioxidant Activity of Various Uniflora Origin Bee Honey Collected During 2016 from East Libya
In this study seven honey samples from three different cities of East Libya were collected in order to evaluate their biochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results show that the proline content ranged from 77.32-222.43mg/kg. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 62.75-156.30mg/100g and from 13.94-78.31mg/100g, respectively. While the carotenoids content ranged from 1.0-7.38mg/kg. The antioxidant activities of Libyan honey samples were also investigated, based on free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power activity. The results indicating that Libyan honey has a high antioxidant potential. The data of antioxidant activities were subjected to correlation using Pearson`s Correlation Coefficient. The results show the antioxidant activities of Libyan honey samples were significantly correlated with their biochemical properties analysed in this study. Keywords: Libya, Uniflora honey, Phenolic content, Flavonoids content, Carotenoids content, antioxidant activities
Green Synthesis of Nano Composite based on Agro-Industrial waste and removal of pollutants from Waste Water
India’s economy is largely dependent on Agriculture. A lot of agricultural waste is generated and most of the waste is burnt by the farmers in India, due to which economy is lost as well as environmental problem is created.In this study an effort has been made on green synthesis of nano-composites using agricultural waste like bagasee,rice husk and industrial waste like flyash material. Nano-technology is is being used in almost every field. Nano composites by using agri-residues like bagasse and industrial waste like fly-ash have been used in reduction of colour and other pollutants from waste water .Removal of colour and other pollutants is based on adsorption. Adsorption on the surface of nano-composites helps in the removable of heavy metal ions present in water. Flyash nano-particles were reinforced with reduced bagasse particles at about 100° C and characterised by using UV visible and SEM techniques. it was found that colour , BOD and COD could be adsorbed upto 70-80%. Keywords- Nano composite, bagasse, graphite, flyash, waste water ,characterisation techniques.
Removal of Colour and Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Nano-composite based on Rice Husk (Agro-Waste)
Agriculture is prominent sector in India which affects largely our economy. A large quantity of agricultural waste is burnt by the farmers in India, which creates environmental problem as well as loss of economy. Nano-technology is very important emerging technology which is being used in almost every field. Nano composites by using agri-residues like bagasse and industrial waste like flyash have been used in this study for reduction of environmental water pollution.Carbon and its allotropes are known for their attraction towards ionic compounds. Hence this property helps in the removable of heavy metal ions present in water.(2)In this paper,the ability of rice husk (agricultural waste) to remove pollutants from waste wateris used as an adsorbent for the synthesis of nanocomposite. Rice husk which is available in huge quantity in India, is the primary component for this experiment. For the construction of nanocomposite several experimental conditions were conducted with the help of rice husk ash. The rice husk was used after its pre-treatment with NaOH. Effect of parameters, namely pH and COD has been studied. With the use of glycerol, cellulose and RHA (rice husk ash) the nanocomposite was synthesized. Keyword: Rice Husk, Agricultural waste, Metals, Nano Technology, Glycerol, RHA, Cellulose
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF MAIZE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
Monitoring study was carried out through survey in Kathmandu valley (Ramkot -5 Kathmandu district, Katunje -5, Bhaktapur district and Bungmati -25 Lalitpur district). Both qualitative and quantitative research approach was use with an objective to find the insect pests of maize in Kathmandu valley. Survey information was collected from 100 households randomly; 33 households from Kathmandu and Lalitpur districts and 34 households from Bhaktapur district during mid - June 2017 to mid - September 2017 along with maize field survey from respondent’s field. Sets of questionnaires were prepared to acquire the primary information from maize growers through face to face interview method. Secondary data collection was done from gleaning the reports, publications of different organizations, websites and libraries. This survey primarily focused on maize pest diversity in Kathmandu valley and their management practices adopted by the farmers, and secondarily on socio-economic condition of people of this area. Majority of respondents were found to be female, around 53% and 47% were found to be male. From the survey , it was obtained that most of the farmers from Kathmandu valley were found to cultivate maize in their small piece of land utilizing limited source of inputs and produce maize for their household consumption rather than for commercial selling. In study area, while visiting the field the major pests found are cob or earworm (Helicoverpa zea), maize aphid (Rhophalossiphum maidis), hairy caterpillar and white grub (Phyllophaga rugosa) and as storage pests are grain moth (Sitotorga spp.) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Based on data analysis, it was found that 88% population were not applying any type of control measures, 10% were following cultural control methods. And only 2% population were applying chemicals for control in their field. Key words: Agriculture, Chemicals, Farmers, Insects, Maize, Pests, Survey.
Participatory Varietal Selection on Drought Tolerant Rice at Sundarbazar, Lamjung
A Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trial was conducted in rainfed lowland at Sundarbazar, Lamjung with the objective to assess the performance of drought tolerant rice (DTR) genotypes on phenological, biometric, yield and yield attributing characters during rainy season 2017. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and ten treatments consisting IR-14L635 (T1), IR-15L1043 (T2), IR-14L363 (T3), IR-15L1077 (T4), IR-14L613 (T5), IR-15L1091 (T6), IR-15L1018 (T7), IR-14L530 (T8), IR-14L247 (T9) and Sukhadhan-6 (T10) farmer’s preferred drought tolerant variety as standard check tested in 3m x 3m (9m2) plot size. Results revealed that the highest grain yield was obtained in IR-15L1091 (5.72ha-1) followed by IR-14L363 (4.89t ha-1) while the lowest grain yield was found in IR-14L613 (4.13 t ha-1). The highest grain yield of IR-15L1091 was supported by higher flag leaf area (28.67cm2), higher number of effective tiller m2 (250), long panicle length (26.9cm) and more panicle weight (3.6g). Preference ranking showed that the genotype IR-15L1091 got highest Preference Index (PI) (0.21) which come first rank followed by IR-15L1077 and IR14L247 (0.11 each) where the minimum score was secured by IR14L363 and IR14L635 (-.054 each). Grain yield has linear positive correlation with flag leaf area (r = 0.39), effective tillers per m2 (r=0.66), filled grains per panicle ((r=0.44). However, findings found very weak but positive linear relationship between plant height and straw yield (r=0.14). Most of the tested genotypes were semi dwarf and drought tolerant having good production potentiality which can easily fitted in existing cropping system in rainfed lowland in mid hills of Nepal. Key words: Design, Preference, Treatment, Yield, Harvest index
Preceding winter season crops and residue management practices on root: shoot characters,yield and economics of succeeding pearlmillet under no-ill tilled semi-arid ecosystem
Conservation agriculture practices,such as no-tillage with residue recycling is a very popular feasible approach to increase the productivity and resource-use efficiency under rainfed ecosystem. A field experiment wasaccomplished at IARI, Pusa, NewDelhi toidentify suitable pearl millet based cropping systems mainly with wheat, chickpea and mustardalongwith the organic mulches,viz.no residues, crop residues and Leucaenatwigs applied to both summer and winter season crops grown in sequence during 2010–2011 and 2011-2012. Both rainy- and winter-season crops were grown rainfedunder no-till following commonrecommended package of practices.Higher root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), root volume density (RVD), average root diameter (RD) and crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth (RGR) rate and net assimilation rate (NAR)were recorded in pearl millet grown after chickpea with crop residues, followed by Leucaena twigs.Pearl milletrecordedsignificantly highergrain yield with application of Leucaenatwigs in 2010, but produced comparatively higheryield with crop residuesin 2011. Pearl millet produced significantly higher grain yield (1.61 t ha-1) after pearl millet- chickpea,followed by pearl millet - mustard (1.38 t ha-1) and pearl millet - wheat (1.28 t ha-1) cropping systems. The crop residueprovided significantly higher grain yield (1.95 t ha-1) under pearl millet- chickpea, followed by that under pearl millet- chickpea with Leucaenatwigs (1.56 t ha-1). The nutrient uptake showed the same trend as that of grain and stover yield, and recorded significant interaction effect for N uptake only for pearl millet grain. The economic analysis exhibited the highest returns under pearl millet withLeucaena twigs in 2010, and with crop residues under pearl millet- chickpea, followed by Leucaena twigs mulching under pearl millet- chickpea systems in 2011. It was concluded that pearl millet-chickpea cropping systems with crop residue and Leucaena twigs mulching was beneficial for achieving higher productivity and profitability of pearl millet under no-till semi-arid conditions. Key words: No-till, Pearl millet, Preceding winter crops, Residue management, Semi-arid
Isolation and Stability Studies of Dried Protein Fractions from Three Leguminous Seeds: Glycine max, Vignaunguiculata and Parkiabiglobasa
Soya bean (Glycine max), Cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) and Locust bean (Parkiabiglobosa), three of Nigeria’s widely eating foods were exploited for their protein content. Dried protein isolates using aqueous NaOH were obtained, dried and subjected to DPPH stabilty antioxidant analysis at different pH. The % crude protein, by proximate analysis was high, which indicates that all the seeds can support the isolation of dried protein powder needed for the experiment. Soya seed has the highest crude protein with % crude protein value of 34.55%, followed by Cowpea seed (24.50%) and lastly Locust bean seed (23.30%). The isolated protein was profiled for their amino-acid content. FT-IR was used to characterize and confirm the presence of protein molecule consistent with literature elsewhere. The results indicate that Protein isolates from the three seeds are stable with sustained antioxidant activities at pH 5 – 11, activities drop at values about pH 12 - 14 as indicated by the increase in the IC50 values of the isolates at that pH range. Keywords: soya bean, Cowpea, Locust bean, soya seed, crude protein
Extraction, Characterization and Tissue Culture of Plant Derived Indigo From Indigofera tinctoria-Preliminary Studies
Indigo is the most preferable of all natural dyes for its high demand worldwide because of the blue denim. Natural Indigo dye is eco friendly, non carcinogenic and do not pose hazard to the environment as compared to synthetic dyes. Although a growing demand for naturally derived indigo dye exists, with increased use of synthetic dyes the plant species is now on the verge of being endangered. Plant tissue culture technique is an effective alternative for micropropagation and invitro production of dye. No research on the mass cultivation and dye extraction of Indigo dye from Indigofera tinctoria plant has been reported. The present study reports the extraction and characterization of plant derived indigo dye from Indigofera tinctoria. In vitro propagation has been attempted for rapid propagation of Indigofera tinctoria. Crude dye was obtained after overnight fermentation of Indigofera tinctoria plant leaves either in water or ammonia. Extracted dye was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Water based extraction method gave almost similar peak value (608nm) as the indigo standard (607 nm) with least noise as compared to ammonia based extraction. HPLC analysis of the crude indigo extract showed 2.9% indigo content per 5 mg crude dye, which is higher than indigo content reported in other species such as Polygonum tinctorium, Isatis tinctoria etc. Initiation of callus was done from the leaf disc explants. Callus was initiated successfully on medium containing: 0.5-3 mg/l 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) alone and in combination with 0.5-2mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5-2mg/l kinetin (Kin). The leaf explants proliferated into multiple callus on induction media after four weeks of culture. After the callus was fully grown, it was subcultured onto a suitable medium for morphogenesis. Keywords: Callus Induction, Dye extraction, Indigofera tinctoria, Tissue culture, Spectophotometry, HPLC.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM APPLICATION ON LITCHI FRUIT CRACKING
Litchi fruit is highly affected by cracking. The main reason of cracking is application of large amount of water after prolonged water stress. Gene factor and other factor also affect the intensity and amount of litchi cracking. Use of calcium is one of the good methods of controlling or minimizing the cracking of litchi. Calcium plays role in cell wall and cell membrane which shows the reason why calcium helps to minimize the cracking. Not only this, it also perform role of secondary message which modulate the physiological process of litchi. Form of application of calcium affects the intensity of cracking even though they are of same concentration. It is due to that the anion of calcium plays some roles through their direct effect or through their effect on calcium absorption. Use of calcium along with boron performs better than use of only calcium. Calcium application becomes effective only when calcium cations enter the pericarp tissues. Uptake of calcium is mainly through stomata as penetration of calcium to cuticle layer is difficult. Due to sparse distribution of stomata on litchi epidermis only small portion of the applied calcium is absorbed. So, humidity and temperature effect the absorption of calcium as they effect the behavior of stomata. Keywords : Litchi, Calcium, Fruit Cracking, Cell wall
Energy is universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and human development. Every day, in our walks of life we come across food, vegetable wastes and other organic wastes that have huge potential to uplift the society in a better way, when these are transformed into useful bioenergy. To produce bioenergy from biomass one of the better options is to utilize these potential wastes to transform it into biogas. Today, the entire world is looking for different alternative fuels. Biogas is one of the good alternative fuel, energy rich and is well suited as domestic fuel, for heating purposes and power generation. The sources available for the production of biogas are fruit, vegetable wastes and agricultural residues. Biogas from such solid wastes primarily constitutes of methane, carbon dioxide and other trace gases. It is a clean fuel with a calorific value between 5000 to 5500 kcal/kg. There are two methods available for the production of biogas from organic wastes. They are dry processes and the wet processes. The dry processes include combustion and pyrolysis, whereas the wet processes include anaerobic digestion, gasification and fermentation. Key words: Biogas, Batch process, Biomass, Wet process, Anaerobic digestion
Use of Aqueous Decoction of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus alba (L) in Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brown Rat, Rattus norvegicus (L.).
Hyperglycemia is the significant feature of the disease diabetes in human being. The oxidative stress induction is the prime concern with diabetic hyperglycemia. This oxidative stress leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Streptozotocin induced diabetic male brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus L.) were divided into five groups, each with 15 individuals. The rats of Group-I served as Normal Healthy group. The Group-II served as streptozotocin induced diabetic rats of solvent treated group. The Group-III served as streptozotocin induced diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg decoction of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L). The Group-IV served as streptozotocin induced diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/kg decoction of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L). The rats in Group- V were treated with glibenclamide (glyburide) (0.5 mg/kg). All the groups were maintained for three weeks. The blood samples were subjected for bioassays of After 3 weeks, blood samples serum glucose, urea and creatinine. For the purpose to confirm the oxidative damage; attempts on lipid peroxidation and histopathology were conducted. Untreated diabetic rats were found with significant increase in serum glucose, urea and creatinine. Significant rise in lipid peroxidation with a glomerular atrophy and necrotic tubular epithelium in the renal tissue was reported in addition. The rise in serum glucose, urea and creatinine was found ameliorated through the decoction of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L). The results of the attempt are suggesting that, leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L) are going to serve as effective nutritional supplement to prevent complications of diabetes. Keywords: Oxidative stress, Kidney, Streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Leaf decoction
Utilization of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) and Earthworm, Eudrilus eugenae (L) for the qualitative and quantitative yield in the crop of radish, Raphanus sativus) (L).
The specific density of soil microorganisms and earthworms in soil serve to orchestrate the crop growth progression. There is fruitful interactions among soil microorganisms with earthworms and crop in the field that can change the response of growth and development. The rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) is a deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) or a plant growth promoting rhi-zobacteria (PGPR) depending on the plant species. It is well known to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), a hormone that can affect plant growth. In the present attempt, rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) in different concentrations (CFU/ml) (0; 106; 107 and 108) tested on radish, Raphanus sativus (L) to characterize its effect in presence and in absence of earthworms. Presence of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L), earthworms were found enhancing growth of the radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L) with reference to biomass aboveground and total. This response was found significant over the control. The biomass of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L) below ground was also found improved up to some extent, but not significant. Radish biomass promoting influence in vermin-field was observed directly proportional to the titer of inoculums of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L). The rhizobacterial inoculum of about 108 CFU/ml titer was found most suitable for excellent biomass production of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L). Vermi-field with rhizobacterial population can be utilized for crop yield. Keywords: Rhizobacterial population; Vermi-field; Indole Acetic Acid (IAA).
AGRICULTURE IN AZERBAIJAN AND ITS DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Abstract: This article discusses the issues of natural and economic conditions of climate, vegetation, hydrography, land cover issues of irrigated agriculture in the Republic; problems of salinity and soil erosion here. Studied agriculture in Azerbaijan state and its role in the economy of the country, where it was determined the situation of agriculture and its development, strategy and priorities of the agriculture Republic etc. Keywords: sustainable erosion, degradation of the environment, resources, arable lands, etc.
Basics of anti-erosion protection of cultivated soils of mountain and Foothill areas of Azerbaijan
Abstract : The article deals with the problem of protection of soil from erosion soil erosion Problems. There is an urgent task of national importance, a decision that deepens year by year. Admittedly, it is associated with both the knowledge of the outstanding role of the soil in the life of the biosphere, and recognizing that allowing 43.3% of the whole territory of Azerbaijan have experienced any type of erosion. Losing the biological activity of almost degradirovalos. Intensively developed widespread erosion. However, this recognized that to date has convincingly shown that the soil is not only a fundamental means of agricultural production, but also an essential component of terrestrial ecosystems, powerful battery energy on Earth, a regulator of the whole the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, reliable barrier not pollutant migration paths. To cause tremendous damage to soil erosion in the country's economy. Protecting the land against degradation primarily by erosion, is one of the most important tasks of the environmental problems which can only be a comprehensive study of the deep causes and habitats of its development, through the elaboration of scientific foundations protection and rational use of soil resources. Establishing a scientific development concept of soil erosion research that will contribute to the development of scientific bases of ecologically balanced use of soil in the Republic Keywords: gipsometricheskie border, erosion protection, topography, groundwater, cultivated plant
Effect of Different Parameters On Underground Water Quality in Summer Season of Rewa City M.P. (India)
In this research paper we are analyzed to Effect of different parameters on underground water quality in summer season of Rewa city M.P. (India). Qualitative analysis of underground water of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India during the month between april -june in the year of 2017. All the water samples are within prescribed limits as suggested by BIS 10500:2012 desirable limit for drinking purpose. Seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, Color, Odor, PH Value, Total hardness, Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Total alkalinity (like Hydroxide, Carbonate, Bicarbonate) chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-) Total dissolved solid (TDS), Iron, sulfate (SO42-), Fluoride, magnese (Mn2+)etc. All analyzed data were found in desirable or not desirable limits due to the seasonal variation. Keywords: Qualitative analysis of underground water, Seasonal analysis of underground water, physio-Chemical analysis of underground water.
Comparative efficacy of insecticides and plant extracts to manage Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and tomato leaf curl virus disease
Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) is most important vegetable crop of Pakistan. It is attacked by many biotic and abiotic diseases. Among the viral disease tomato leaf curl virus disease (TLCVD) is most important disease that causes heavy yield losses. Under natural field conditions, TLCVD is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. Comparative efficacy of insecticides and plant extracts to manage Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and tomato leaf curl virus disease was studied under natural field conditions. Three insecticides (acetamaprid, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron) and three plant extracts (neem, garlic and onion) were sprayed. One treatment of distilled water was sprayed and considered as control. The results showed that among the insecticides,acetamaprid was most effective and neem among plant extracts was most effective. The comparative efficacy showed that insecticides manage the whitefly population more effectively than the plant extracts. Key Words: Tomato, whitefly population, insecticides, plant extracts, management.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR INDUSTRIAL RESIN (PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE, MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE AND UREA FORMALDEHYDE)
Resins manufacturing plants designed technically based on high-yield reactors and a fine process control system. The paints and coatings segment is the largest application. The resin plants are basically used for the production of a wide range of solvent-based and water-based emulsion or resin. Here, we have presented the manufacturing process along with the mass balance of three important industrial resins i.e. Phenol Formaldehyde, Melamine Formaldehyde and Urea Formaldehyde. Keywords: Manufacturing Process; Melamine Formaldehyde; Paints; Phenol Formaldehyde; Urea Formaldehyde.
Phytoalexins and their Significant Role in the Plant Resistance Management
Phytoalexins are antibiotic compounds synthesized in an infected plant in reply to infection. Nematodes are capable of eliciting phytoalexins in resistant plants. Phytoalexins are antibiotic compounds synthesized in an infected plant in response to infection. Nematodes are capable of eliciting phytoalexins in resistant plants. Resistant lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) infected by Pratylenchus penetrans produces the phytoalexin coumestrol; soybean (Glycine max) infected by Meloidogyne incognita produces glyceollin; cotton (Gossypium hirsuturn) infected by M. incognitaproduces terpenoid aldehydes. Keywords: host plant resistance, phytoalexins, gossypol, coumarins, disease resistance, physiology
A Review on Potential use of Bioherbicides for preventing the growth of weed plants
Like pests, disease and other hazards weeds are one of the major problems for farmers. They not only compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight, and space but also harbor insect and disease pests, clog irrigation and drainage systems undermine crop quality and deposit weed seeds into crop harvests. They can heavily damage the production of crops as well as they reduce the value of land. Weeds can also host pests and diseases that can spread to cultivated crops and increase the cost of irrigation. For this reason farmers like to use chemicals as herbicide for weed control .In irrigated agriculture, weed control through chemical herbicides, creates spray drift hazards and adversely affects the environment and break the ecology system, besides herbicides in food commodities, directly or indirectly affect human health, which are already known to us. These lead to the search for an alternate method of weed management, which is eco-friendly. In this regard the biological approach - a deliberate use of natural enemies to suppress the growth or reduce the population of the weed species, known as “Bioherbicide” are preferable. Bioherbicides may be the compounds derived from microbes such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa or phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds derived from other plant species. Their role is to attack specific weeds through the spread of diseases on them. The benefit of using bio herbicides is that it can survive in the environment long enough for the next growing season where there will be more weeds to infect. It is cheaper compared to synthetic pesticides thus could essentially reduce farming expenses if managed properly. Thus we need to create awareness among the farmers about the use of bioherbicide in agriculture instead of chemicals without affecting our natural environment. It can serve as cheap alternative way to those chemical products and it completely ecofriendly and we can overcome those hazards produce by using chemicals. Keywords:- weeds, pests and pathogens, bioherbicides, ecofriendly, crop productivity.
Zinc -The Miracle Nutrient of Agricultural Crop Production
Zinc is involved in most plant growth functions. Zinc helps produce auxins. Zinc is a growth promoting substance that controls the development of the shoot. Zinc also forms enzyme systems, which regulate plant life. Yet zinc is the most common micronutrient deficiency in agriculture today! Zinc deficiency can limit yields of corn, beans, wheat, cotton, sorghum, fruits, and vegetables. Yet, without this essential ounce of zinc no crop would grow at all. A grown man needs only seven one-thousandths of an ounce (25gm) of zinc per day. Yet this small amount helps build body protein, generate energy, promotes growth, and enhances taste and smell. Keywords: crop production through Zn application, nutritional deficiency, signs and symptoms of Zn, sources of Zn, yield,
INDUCEMENT OF PGR INTO SEED TO ENHANCE NATURAL GROWTH
The first genetic modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic resistant tobacco plant. GM crops are the need of hour where our world faces highly disastrous climate change and whooping malnutrition among people. Still 1.2 billion people in which large part of infancy & adolescences facing mass malnutrition. According to numbers from world food programme approximately 790 million people don’t have enough food to live healthy life. Appreciate the factors of natural production and manmade, it is one of our disgrace data of our age that today so many people are still suffering from starvation and malnutrition. As population continue to born, conflicts destroys region and global warming effects people lives, we cannot for the solution that the major hunger to simply pop out nowhere. Genetic modified crops spotlight the future of human farming which plays a crucial role in decrease in hunger report but malnutrition graph are slowing down, instead of this new diseases arises which cause the inception of newly genetic disorder in new born human babies. A plant growth hormone is naturally produced chemical which synthesise in single part of the plant and then it travels to another part where it effects growth & development take place. There are five main groups • Auxin or Indole Acetic Acid [IAA] • Gibberellin or Gibberrellic acid [GA] • Cytokinin • Ethylene • Abscissic acid Functions  AUXIN – helps in cell enlargement & in role in apical dominance.  Gibbrelin – elongation & seed germination.  Cytokinin – cell division & delays senecense.  Abscissic acid – promotes dormancy,stomatal regulation.  Ethylene – fruit ripening,organ abscission. Keywords: plant growth hormone, epigenetics, Global warming, ripening, genetic modified GMO.
Studies of Insecticide Fenvalerate on Growth parameters and production of Gossypium hirsutum L.
Cotton is the most important cash crop. Cotton constitutes more than 70% of the total world consumption of fibres. Cotton is reported to be a host for about 166 different species of insect pests throughout its growth cycle. The major pests of cotton are causing considerable economic losses to the crop production. The cotton farmers incur heavy losses on the crop due to these factors. Saubhagya variety of Gossypium hirsutum was selected to carry out the research work during the period of 2004-2007. Variety LRK 516 is used as a check variety with known characters. Cotton crop is highly susceptible to various insects’ pests. About 166 different species of insects’ pests are reported to attack cotton at various stages of its growth. Amongst these the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, Jassids, Aphids, Empoasca devastans and the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) have been causing economic damage to cotton crop all over the country. However, by the end of the first 60-75 days, Fenvalerate treated cotton fields were looking as good as those which were unsprayed. This elicited a strong positive response. Fenvalerate is a synthetic compound primarily used as an insecticide. It acts as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants. Keywords: fenvalerate sprays, Gossypium hirsutum, morphological characters and yield
Chemical formulation technology for Agrochemical use and its benefits
Since 1940’s, chemical industries have been trying to satisfy the demands of farmers and cultivars, to increase crop yield, quality and productivity. Chemical formulations have been developed to fulfill these needs. Pesticides comprises wide range of chemicals that are mixed together under specific conditions to yield a product that can be effectively applied at lower rates, and exhibit properties such as non-toxicity, non-target species, and is more environment-friendly [1]. The types of formulations that are prepared easily and commonly used in daily practice is briefed here. Keywords: adhesives, agrochemical, emulsifiers, formulation, paints
Comparative Study of Fatty Acid Profile of Fresh and Canned Tuna
Marine fish provides important constituents for the human diet, such as lipid-soluble vitamins, microelements and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Omega-3-PUFA are essential for normal human growth and development, and may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, arthritis as well as other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Fatty acid composition of fish depends on the species, individual, the catching season and the fishing ground, being influenced by environmental conditions and geographical effects. Fatty acid composition may be conditioned by processing, which specifically regards PUFA content. In the case of the canning process, the fatty acid and lipid class compositions have been studied. It is well established that during high temperature process, damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids can lead to primary and secondary lipids oxidation products. Keywords: fatty acid composition, lipid class composition, microelements and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Occurrence of Trace Metals in Fresh and Canned Foods
Food production and supply does not always tally with the demand or meets of the people. Food preservation methods have been followed by men since times immemorial. Canned fish and vegetables are the most popular processed foods in the developed world since it is convenient and affordable. Fish is widely consumed by humans because it has high protein content, low saturated fat and also contains omega 3 fatty acids known to support good health. The indisputable benefits derived by fish consumption may be offset by the presence of toxic metals in their meat, such as Cd, Pb, Hg, etc. which is present in many fish species often at levels exceeding the safety standards established by legislation of the various countries. Hence, it is necessary to analyse the presence of trace metals in fresh and canned food products and to carry out a comparative study to ensure food safety. Keywords: canning, canned fish and vegetables, food preservation, trace metals, toxic metals
Humic substances and their importance on plant health and yield
Plant growth depends on several factors. Optimum nutrients, water absorption, light quality and intensity, soil structure and fertility and many other factors control plant development. Good quality organic matter present in soil is crucial for soil structure and plant growth. Soils that are equipped with adequate amounts of nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; but devoid of humic substances undergo stress and retarded growth. Plants grown in presence of humic substances appear to be healthy and have higher yield. Herewith, is described the types of humic substances along with their application in plant growth and development. Keywords: humus, humic acid, fulvic acid, soil fertility, plant growth
Cow and its role in the sustainable development
During Vedic times the economy, agriculture, medicinal aspects of society are directly or indirectly based on cows and bulls. There is a close relationship between human welfare and welfare of the cows. When we consider milk alone, now-a-days, milk is processed in automated dairies, by blending several additives. In such dairies, the main motive is the profit for the business at the cost of exploitation of cows. There is no question of protection of cow’s interest. When we consider the expenses involved in the processing and distribution of milk, in big cities the milk is collected from various sources and processed through large automated dairy units. Such units require labor, engineers, inspectors, managers, accountants and so forth which is leading to artificial employment as it actually increases the cost of the product drastically. Incidentally we should know that government and economists always talk in terms of reducing unemployment but not in terms of eliminating unemployment. If unemployment is to be eradicated, then everyone will be perfectly satisfied. There will be no possibility of manipulation by capitalists. True employment will see that everyone contributes meaningfully to the welfare of the social body at large. The issue of unemployment is really a topic unto itself. In the present context of automated dairies, we can easily see how they displace the farmers and milkmen. When we consider the costs involved, (for economical purposes): the actual cost of the milk is simply the cost of maintaining the cows in a healthy condition. On the other hand so much of money is diverted to the maintenance of the employees of the dairy; it indirectly means that the real assets are being misdirected to capitalists and administrators. When all that money could be invested in the maintenance of cows in healthy conditions the production costs would automatically reduced. And large number of cows can be protected. In addition to this when we consider the costs of collecting the milk from various “farms”, the operation and maintenance costs, the costs for transportation of milk and so forth. The tankers would have to be refrigerated to prevent milk from souring. But when we consider the transportation costs alone, for collection and distribution of milk diesel costs are to be considered. Electrical power maintenance of tankers, associated factories, skilled workers, engineers, fuel costs etc., also charge the overhead costs of actual production of milk. By now one can see that how whole operation gets simple when not relating the milk production industrially and treating it to be a simple naturally available process. When we consider the “invisible costs” due to the health hazards from milk additives, lack of cleanliness, research, and loss of spiritual acumen. Keywords: agriculture, cow, development, sustainable
Indian Agricultural Crops and their cultivation
The agricultural crops in India undergo different challenges. These include uncertainty due to climatic changes, seasonal changes, soil texture and quality, natural calamities and rainfall. Here, we summarize the various seasons in India suitable for cultivation of major crops. Keywords: agricultural crops, Kharif season, Rabi crops
Post-Independence Agricultural development in India
India is a developing country and a land of agriculture. Here, agricultural is the main source of occupation for the growing population as well as the total income of the country. The agricultural sector has undergone through and has witnessed several developmental changes since independence. This includes a growth rate of 1 % before independence to nearly 4 % as of today. Here, is a brief scenario of the progress laid in the Indian agricultural sector since independence. Keywords: agricultural, green revolution, growth rate
Agriculture and Industry- Both Vital for a Nation to Grow
There is always a debate as to which one is more important for the survival of a nation. Is it the agricultural sector or the industrial sector. In India, which is a developing country, nearly two-third of the population is engaged in agriculture. Though, agriculture plays vital role in providing occupation to majority of Indian population, enhancing gross income of the nation and growth in terms of economy; industries are required for overall development of the nation.
Some Major Takeaways: International Year of Soils: 2015
On December 5, 2015, hundreds of events and initiatives took place across the world to celebrate soils. This World Soil Day is special for more than a singular reason. The 68th UN General Assembly declared 2015 the International Year of Soils (IYS). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has been nominated to implement the IYS 2015, under the agenda of the Global Soil Partnership, together with the Governments and the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The IYS 2015 aims to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions. It has defined some definite broad based objectives to increase public awareness and participation to protect soils in the changing climate scenario. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified healthy soils as the foundation for food, fuel, fiber and even medicine as it kicked off International Year of Soils on the first-ever World Soil Day.
Polysaccharide-based hydrogels are potential materials for wide range of medical applications i.e., tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery and local therapy etc. An interesting fact related to hydrogels is their ability to be injected without any modification in their chemical, mechanical and/or biological properties, due to their thixotropic behavior. It is also feasible to alter the rheological and chemical-physical properties of polysaccharide hydrogels by modifying the cross-linking agents and exploiting their thixotropic behavior. We present here an overview of general chemistry, types, methods of preparation of hydrogels, and a brief literature review of guar gum chemistry, production and applications of hydrogels specially based on guar gum. Keywords: biocompatible, copolymer, guar gum, homo-polymer, interpenetrating network
Optimization Strategies for Controlling Plant Growth
Plant growth regulators (PGR’s) are chemicals used on a wide range of floricultural crops. These plant regulators modulate the plant growth in their own specific way. However, for achieving best results, it is important to understand the various other parameters that increases or decreases the effectiveness of PGR usage. This short review combines together the different environmental and cultural parameters that together with PGRs can affect plant growth. Keywords: drought stress, light, plant growth, plant growth regulators
The modern research aimed at creating compounds to prevent infections from micro-organisms has been unsuccessful largely. This disinfectant is made of cow urine as a main ingredient and is 100% natural. Cow urine is considered to have immense disinfecting and healing properties, according to Ayurveda. Use of Tulsi extract, neem extract and Gulab Jal is made to make the product. Keywords: gomutra (Cow Urine), Gulab Jal (Rose Water), Neem, Tulsi
Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture: An Overview
Several soil bacteria participate in the growth and development of plants, and are usually termed as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. These bacteria colonize on or near plant roots and play vital role either directly or indirectly in health and productivity of different plant species. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitate plant growth by assisting in acquisition of essential nutrients and minerals, modulating plant hormone levels and by acting as biocontrol agents. This review provides an overview on the role of rhizobacteria in plant growth and development. Also, it gives an insight onto how the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria might decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. Keywords: BNF, phytohormones, phosphate solubilization, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, rhizobacteria
A Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activities in Selected Citrus Fruits and Herbal Spices
The compound which can suppress the free radicals generated in our body is known as antioxidant. Antioxidants are must for defense system of the body. Various types of foods taken by the body play an important role in body protection. Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease. Primary sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Plant sourced food antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenes, phenolic acids, phytate and phytoestrogen have been recognized as having the potential to reduce disease risk. Most of the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet are derived from plant sources and belong to various classes of compounds with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. In the present study, antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic properties were determined in the juice extracts of selected citrus fruits viz., lemon, orange, pineapple and mousambi and selected herbal plants (garlic and onion). Antioxidant activity of citrus fruits was investigated by three methods (superoxide dismutase activity, -carotene bleaching method and thiocyanate assay). Enzymatic antioxidant was found maximum in lemon followed by garlic, pineapple and mousambi. Keywords: antioxidants, -carotene, citrus, spices, superoxide dismutase, vitamin C
Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils
As compared to many other major nutrients, phosphorus is by far the least mobile and accessible to plants in almost all type of soil conditions. Phosphorus occurs in abundant quantity in soils in both organic and inorganic forms; still it is frequently a prime limiting factor for plant growth. The bioavailability of inorganic phosphorus in the soil rhizosphere varies with factors that include: type of plant species, nutritional status of soil and ambient conditions. To circumvent the deficiency of phosphorus, the idea of using phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) that helps to supply phosphate to the plants in an environment-friendly and sustainable manner is being brought forward. Although the solubilization of phosphatic compounds by naturally occurring PSM is very common under in vitro conditions, the performance of PSM in situ has remained contradictory. Due to the variable performance of using PSM, their large-scale application in sustainable agriculture has been significantly hindered. Inspite of several causes being suggested for this, but none has been conclusively investigated. Despite disparities in their performance, PSM are widely used in agronomic practices so as to enhance the productivity of crops while maintaining the quality of soils. This review represents the outcome of different studies carried out on the utilization of PSM for direct application in agriculture under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. The aim is to foster sustainable agricultural strengthening in the developing countries. Keywords: biodiversity, biofertilizers, PSM, P solubilization, soil phosphorus
Indian Scenario of Agrochemical Industry: An Overview
The world’s population is estimated to grow from 6.8 billion today to >9.0 billion by 2050. Global demand for food is expected to double by then as per UN projections and estimate. In India, agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy and supports over 2/3rd of the country's population. The agrochemicals industry is a significant sector for the Indian economy. The Indian agrochemicals market grew at a rate of 11% from USD 1.22 billion in FY08 to an estimated USD 1.36 billion in FY09. India’s agrochemicals consumption is one of the lowest in the world after United States and Japan. Indian population is increasing and the per capita size of land decreasing, the use of pesticides in India has to improve further. Besides increasing in domestic consumption, the exports by the Indian Agrochemicals Industry can be doubled in the next four years if proper strategies and sophisticated technologies are adopted by the industry. This review highlights the current scenario of our agrochemical industry, its structure and current trends, growth forecast, key challenges it is facing, and scope opportunities for improvement. Keywords: agrochemicals, chemicals, integrated pest management, pesticides
Efficacy of Insecticides Cypermethrin and Fenvalerate on Gossypol Content in Gossypium Sp.
Cotton crop is highly susceptible to several pests. About 166 different species of insect pests are reported to attack cotton at various stages of its growth. Because insecticides has been recognized universally as easy, convenient and effective pest control options, farmers are enthusiastically using them to reap good benefits. Two varieties of Gossypium hirsutum – Surabhi and Saubhagya were selected and grown in pot. Few plants were treated with insecticides while others remain untreated. LRK 516 was taken as standard variety for comparing the data obtained from Surabhi and Saubhagya varieties. The two insecticides used were Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin. The experiment on gossypol content was carried out. The objective of the application of pesticide was to keep the pest population under check. The objective of pesticide application besides was not only to keep the pest population under check but also to avoid the pollution and damage to the non-targets. Cotton cultivation is impossible without Insecticide sprays. In the present study, it is believed that proper applications of insecticides contribute to increase in the yields of cotton crops and also lowering the gossypol content in cotton. The present day insecticide scenario prompted a necessity for rational use of insecticides, which may be effective for insect pest management and also compatible with the environment. In all the treated plants, the treatment of two insecticides - Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin provided significantly better control over the pest population at 30, 60 and 90 Days after sowing (DAS) after sprays. Plants sprayed with Cypermethrin generally continued to maintain significantly low population of the pest than the control. Pest population on the crop was quite low and in several plots it reached zero after the spray. Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin suppressed the pest for a longer duration and showed promising growth and yield in Saubhagya and Surabhi varieties of cotton plants and also diminish the gossypol content in treated plants. The insecticides treatments overall had a favorable and promising effect on plant growth, yield and fibre quality of plants. Low gossypol content lines may be used in breeding for oil quality improvement programme and high gossypol content lines can be chosen for sources in resistance breeding programmes after testing their efficiency towards pest incidence. Keywords: gossypium Sp. insecticides, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, gossypol
Health Allegation of Unnecessary Use and Misuse of Pesticides by the Rural People: The Necessity for Alertness
Pesticides are chemicals basically required for food safety and health intention, adding that most of the time; they are being mistakenly applied and mistreated mainly by the rural occupiers in developing countries. The health allegation of abuse and mishandling of pesticides were assessed and ways forward suggested. This review will provide the payback of pesticide use, knowledge of the risks caused to people, wildlife and ecosystems. The paper looks into how producers, consumers and government can reduce risks posed by pesticides. The primary responsibility of manufacturers is to decrease risks posed by pesticides. To make certain that undesirable effects on human health and the environment are prohibited, pesticide registration, product labelling, government enforcement and applicator instruction should form the foundation of a wide-ranging outline to standardize the manufacture, use and clearance of pesticides. If the varied improvement processes suggested in this review is remained to, the developing countries will be less contaminated with ecological risk. Keywords: pesticides, health, rural occupiers, developing countries, risks
Botanicals Insecticides – A Source of Weapons against Pests and Insects of Plants
In agricultural crop production, the synthetic pesticides and insecticides are used which has got occasionally carcinogenic and residual toxic effects. The disproportionate use of it also causes severe health risks to human life, livestocks, fishes, birds, wild life and animals. Therefore, there is an immediate requirement for unconventional nontoxic pesticides. The tropical plants are natural rich source of phytochemicals having antimicrobial and biological properties. Green plants are natural biochemical factories. Keywords: botanicals Insecticides, prohibition, noxious, health effect
Endosulfan: A Noxious Agrochemical for the Health of Human Beings
Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is a broad spectrum contact insecticide widely used in pest control. It is used in a wide range of crops including cereals, coffee, cotton, fruit, oil seeds, potato, tea and vegetables. There is a global concern over the acute toxicity of endosulfan. This article will make us understand the accurate meaning of Endosulfan (insecticide) and also why it is harmful for the health of human beings. It has been discussed about the ban on the Endosulfan and Why Indian citizens are opposing this prohibition, alternative of the Endosulfan and also the harmful effects on various living creatures. Keywords: endosulfan, prohibition, noxious, health effect
Nanotechnology in Pesticide Management: A Revolutionary Approach in Plant Protection
Large extents of Pesticides are lost in huge quantities owing to photo degradation, rain wash out and by other means after application over the target. This will not only result in loss of pesticides form the applied target as well as environmental pollution apart from loss / reduction in effectiveness. If they are formulated using carriers, their efficacy can be sustained for longer period of time.The potential applications of “Nanotechnology” are increasingly being realized in agriculture. Nanomaterials possess unique properties such as smaller size, large surface area, higher/increased reactivity due to which they find utility for targeted, controlled, slow delivery of agrochemicals including fertilizers, micronutrients, insecticides, pesticides etc. Nanotechnology offers better-built, safer,long-lasting, cost-effective and smart products that will find wide applications in in agriculture includes nano‑fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nano-pesticides, recalcitrant contaminants from water, nano-scale carriers, nanosensors etc.Nano encapsulated pesticides have benefits and prospects, but have to address many important issues while designing the nano carriers. Keywords: nanotechnology, pest management, plant protection