Laws of Thermodynamics Challenge Greenhouse-Gas and CLIMATE- change Hypotheses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37628/jtck.v9i1.1478Abstract
The greenhouse-gas hypothesis (GGH), i.e., CO2 is the cause of global warming by ~1K from ~1950-2023, is popularly believed to be established scientific truth. It is generally assumed that heat emissions from global fuel combustion are, by comparison, negligible. An application of the Hess-Gibbs 1st law of thermodynamics, however, shows that the enthalpy (H) output from yearly fossil fuel consumption is seven times greater than the H- increase of hypothetical GGH global warming index of 0.0175K/year. The Joule-Mayer 1st law of irreversible thermodynamics shows there is a level of inherent uncertainty, in any multivariate computer model of the global energy budget, which is more than 1000 times the experimental enthalpy flux associated with the GGH. The Carnot-Gibbs 2nd law: entropy and Gibbs energy of water are state functions, if its concentration is a state variable, can likewise be used to assess the effect of water vapour output from fossil fuels on climate-change hypotheses: we report that is not negligible. We also consider the known absorption and emission spectroscopy of carbon dioxide (CO2) and find cause of global warming being increased CO2 is a hypothesis based upon limited knowledge of its spectroscopic and enthalpy transducer properties in the atmosphere. We do not yet know enough about spectroscopic properties of gaseous complexes of both CO2 and H2O in situ to deduce, validate or invalidate, the GGH hypothesis at the molecular level with any certainty.
References
A. Kleidon, G. Messori, B.S. Roy, I. Didenkulova, N. Zeng, Editorial: Global warming is due to an enhanced greenhouse effect, and anthropogenic heat emissions currently play a negligible role at the global scale Earth System Dynamics, 14 (2023) 241–242. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-241-2023
N. H. Swedan, Thermodynamic analysis of climate change Entropy, 25 (2023) 72-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25010072,
L.V. Woodcock, Global warming by geothermal heat from fracking: energy industry’s enthalpy footprints Entropy, 24, (2022) 1316 https://doi.org/10.3390/e24091316
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 71st Edition (2022), https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites
K. Jin, F. Wang, D. Chen, D., H. Liu, W. Ding, and S. Shi A new global gridded anthropogenic heat flux dataset with high spatial resolution and long-term time series, Sci. Data, 6 (2019) 139 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0143-1
Stephens, L. G., Li, J., Wild, M., W., et al. (10 authors). An Update on Earth’s Energy Balance in Light of the Latest Global Observations, Nature Geoscience., 5 (2012) 691–696. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1580
P. Forster, et al. (12 authors) The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity, in: Climate Change The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I: Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC, eds. Masson-Delmotte, et al. (20 editors) Cambridge University Press (2021) 923–1054.
ibid. V. Eyring, V., (+14 authors) Influence on the Climate System, IPCC (2021) 423–552,
ibid. IPCC: (2021) 2391
G. Supran, S. Rahmstorf and N. Oreskes Assessing Exxon-Mobil’s global warming projections, Science, 379, eabk0063, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0063
A. Block, K. E. Keuler, K., and E. Schaller Impacts of anthropogenic heat on regional climate patterns Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 (2004) L12211 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019852
P. Forster, P., et al. (15 authors) Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing Climate Change The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, eds.: Solomon, S., et al., (8 names) Cambridge University Press (2007)
M. G. Flanner, Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36 (2009) L02801 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036465
S. I. Sandler and L. V. Woodcock, Historical Observations of the Laws of Thermodynamics, JCED Rowlinson Special Issue, 55, (2010) 4485–4490. https://doi.org/10.1021/je1006828
A. H. Harvey, What the thermophysical property community should know about temperature scales, International Journal of Thermophysics, 2021 42 (2021) 165 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-021-02915-
G. Gábor Lente and K. Ősz Barometric formulas: various derivations and comparisons to environmentally relevant observations, Chem. Texts (2020) 6:13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-020-0111-6
B. Stevens and S. Bony Water in the atmosphere, Physics Today 66, 6, 29 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2009[22]
H. D. Lightfoot and A. M. Orval Carbon dioxide: sometimes it is a cooling gas, sometimes a warming gas. Forest Res Eng Int J. 2(3) (2018) 169‒174. https://doi.org/10.15406/freij.2018.02.00043
W. J. Witteman The absorption of Thermal Emitted Infrared Radiation by CO2, (Principia April 2020) https://principia-scientific.com/the-absorption-of-thermal-emitted-infrared- radiation-by-co2/
Dockery, B., The much-misunderstood Climate Issue of CO2, (Principia October 2020) https://principia-scientific.com/the-much-misunderstood-climate-issue-of-co2- infrared-absorption/
B. Sedunov Equilibrium molecular interactions in pure gases Journal of Thermodynamics (2012) ID 859047, 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/859047
S. Whitburn, L. Clarisse, M. Bouillon, S. Safieddine, M. George, S. Dewitte, H. De Longueville, P.–F. Coheur & C. Clerbaux, Trends in spectrally resolved outgoing longwave radiation from 10 years of satellite measurements, Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, (2021) article number: 48 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-021-00205-7
M. Morano and M. Dempsey, Over 400 Prominent Scientists Disputed Man-Made Global Warming Claims (USA Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Report, 20 December 2007) file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/Over%20400%20Prominent%20Scientists%20Disputed%20Man%20Made%20Global%20Warming%20Claims%20in%202007%20Scientist s%20Debunk%20Consensus.pdf
P. Stallinga, and I. Khmelinskii, I. Consensus in Science, Monte Carlo Methods and Applications 21 (1) (2015) 67-76. http://dx.doi.org./10.1515/mcma-2014-0008
N. Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium (1543) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Ttranslated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, ISBN 0-06-491279-5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium#Editions
Net Zero, What is net zero? https://netzeroclimate.org/what-is-net-zero/
