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Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fish Samples from Otamiri River, Imo State, Nigeria

Kelechi Emmanuel Onwuka, Okechukwu C. Atasie, Solomon O.E. Okereke, Nnamdi E. Enenwa, Ifeanyi A. Onuabuchi, Chibuike E. Osuigwe

Abstract


The presence of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water poses human and ecological health risks in Nigeria. Polychlorinated biphenyls present in three fish species (T. Zilli, E. Fimbriata and C. Nigrodigitatus), and its related health risk via consumption of fish from Otamiri river in Imo State Nigeria has been duly investigated in this study. A risk quotient (RQ) for fish consumption was applied to evaluate the related health risk. A total of one hundred and thirty five (135) fish samples were collected from June to December 2021. The four (4) PCB congeners screen in the fish samples were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) following standard methodology. The following values: 4.44 ng/g ww (C. nigrodigitatus) and 5.01 ng/g ww (T. zilli) were the range obtained for The mean levels of indicator PCBs, with the sum PCB concentration sequence in the fish species of indicator PCBs obtained as T. Zilli adult (Red Belly Tilapia) >E. fimbriata adult (Bonga shad) >C. Nigrodigitatus adult (Bagridcat fish), while the dioxin-like PCB concentration sequence in the fish was C. Nigrodigitatus adult (Bagrid cat fish) >E. fimbriata adult (Bonga shad) > T. Zilli adult (Red Belly Tilapia). Going by WHO/FAO guideline, the result obtained in this study indicated a relatively lower range of total PCB levels in the fish (<1000 μg/kg). The Estimated daily intake and risk quotient were found to be less than unity (1), suggesting little or total absence of any related health risks in humans due to consumption of fishes obtained from Otamiri river. A lifetime risk of cancer and unfavourable health effects apart from cancer were also identified by the risk assessment for the exposed population. In order to prevent future human exposure to PCBs by eating these chosen fish species, prompt and appropriate action must be implemented. Consistent observation of the these edible species of fish should also be given the highest priority.


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