Toxicity of Chromium Metal and its impact on Human health

Abstract

Chromium, a transition metal, plays a vital role as a trace element essential for human metabolism. Its presence in various oxidation states is notable, with the trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)) forms being the most common and biologically significant. While Cr(III) is recognized for its involvement in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, Cr(VI) stands out for its toxicity, posing significant risks to both human health and the environment. The extensive industrial utilization of Cr(VI) compounds has raised concerns regarding their adverse effects and necessitated thorough investigation into their toxicity. This comprehensive overview delves into the multifaceted aspects of chromium toxicity, exploring its sources of exposure, underlying mechanisms, and impacts on human health and the environment. Understanding the intricate relationships between chromium and biological systems is crucial for elucidating its toxic effects and developing effective regulatory measures to mitigate potential dangers. The review highlights the diverse sources of chromium exposure, ranging from industrial processes to natural occurrences, and discusses the mechanisms through which Cr(VI) exerts its toxic effects, including oxidative stress and DNA damage. Moreover, it examines the physiological consequences of chromium exposure, such as respiratory and dermal effects, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks aimed at managing chromium exposure are explored, emphasizing the importance of setting stringent standards to safeguard human health and environmental well-being. By synthesizing current knowledge on chromium toxicity, this review aims to provide insights into the complex interplay between chromium and biological systems, paving the way for enhanced strategies for risk assessment and management.